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梭罗瓦尔登湖提到巴尔康用硬铅笔和直尺设计的图
瓦尔登湖提到巴尔康用硬铅笔和直尺设计的图样是什么
拜了一位神（坑）人，学...
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手上有《月亮与六便士》...
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为兴趣而生，贴吧更懂你。&或梭罗《瓦尔登湖》5：经济篇&Economy
真的，在这个国家里面有一种人叫做建筑师，至少我听说过一个建筑师有一种想法要使建筑上的装饰具有一种真理之核心，一种必要性，因此有一种美，好像这是神灵给他的启示。从他的观点来说，是很好的罗，实际他比普通爱好美术的外行人只高明一点儿。一个建筑学上感情用事的改革家，他不从基础，却从飞檐入手。仅在装饰中放一个真理之核心，像糖拌梅子里面嵌进一粒杏仁或者一粒葛缕子，——我总觉得吃杏仁，不用糖更有益于健康，——他不想想居民，即住在房屋里面的人，可以把房屋建筑得里里外外都很好，而不去管什么装饰。哪个讲理性的人会认为装饰只是表面的，仅属于皮肤上的东西，——认为乌龟获得斑纹的甲壳，贝类获得珠母的光泽，就像百老汇的居民获得三一教堂似的要签订什么合同呢？一个人跟他自己的房屋建筑的风格无关，就跟乌龟
跟它的甲壳无关一样：当兵的不必那么无聊，把自己的勇气的确切的颜色画在旗帜上。敌人会知道的。到了紧要关头上，他就要脸色发青了。在我看来，这位建筑师仿佛俯身在飞檐上，羞涩地向那粗鲁的住户私语着他的似是而非的真理，实际上住户比他还知道得更多。我现在所看到的建筑学的美，我了解它是从内部向外面渐渐地生长出来的，是从那住在里面的人的需要和他的性格中生长出来的，住在里面的人是唯一的建筑师，——美来自他的不知不觉的真实感和崇高心灵，至于外表他一点儿没有想到；这样的美如果必然产生的话，那他先已不知不觉地有了生命之美。在我们这国土上，画家们都知道，最有趣味的住宅一般是穷困的平民们的那些毫无虚饰的、卑微的木屋和农舍；使房屋显得别致的，不是仅仅在外表上有的哪种特性，而是外壳似的房屋里面的居民生活；同样
有趣味的，要算市民们那些郊外的箱形的木屋，他们的生活将是简单的，恰如想象的一样，他们的住宅就没有一点叫人伤脑筋的风格。建筑上的大多数装饰确实是空空洞洞的，一阵九月的风可以把它们吹掉，好比吹落借来的羽毛一样，丝毫无损于实际。并不要在地窖中窖藏橄榄和美酒的人，没有建筑学也可以过得去。如果在文学作品中，也这样多事地追求装饰风，如果我们的《圣经》的建筑师，也像教堂的建筑师这样花很多的时间在飞檐上，结果会怎样呢？那些纯文学、那些艺术学和它们的教授们就是如此矫揉造作的。当然，人很关心这几根木棍子是斜放在他上面呢，还是放在下面，他的箱子应该涂上什么颜色。这里头是很有一点意思的，如果认真他说，他把它们斜放了，箱子徐上颜色了；可是在精神已经离开了躯壳的情况下，那它跟建造他自己的棺材就属于同一性质
了——说的是坟墓的建筑学，——而“木匠”只不过是“做棺材的人”的另一个名称罢了。有一个人说，你在失望中，或者对人生采取漠然态度时，抓起脚下的一把泥土来，就用这颜色来粉刷你的房子吧。他想到了他那临终的狭长的房子了吗？抛一个铜币来抉择一下好了。他一定有非常多的闲暇！为什么你要抓起一把泥土来呢？还是用你自己的皮肤颜色来粉刷你的房屋好得多；让它颜色苍白或者为你羞红好了。一个改进村屋建筑风格的创造！等到你找出了我的装饰来，我一定采用它们。
True, there are architects so
called in this country, and I have heard of one at least possessed
with the idea of making architectural ornaments have a core of
truth, a necessity, and hence a beauty, as if it were a revelation
to him. All very well perhaps from his point of view, but only a
little better than the common dilettantism. A sentimental reformer
in architecture, he began at the cornice, not at the foundation. It
was only how to put a core of truth within the ornaments, that
every sugarplum, in fact, might have an almond or caraway seed in
it -- though I hold that almonds are most wholesome without the
sugar -- and not how the inhabitant, the indweller, might build
truly within and without, and let the ornaments take care of
themselves. What reasonable man ever supposed that ornaments were
something outward and in the skin merely -- that the tortoise got
his spotted shell, or the shell-fish its mother-o'-pearl tints, by
such a contract as the inhabitants of Broadway their Trinity
Church? But a man has no more to do with the style of architecture
of his house than a tortoise with that of its shell: nor need the
soldier be so idle as to try to paint the precise color of his
virtue on his standard. The enemy will find it out. He may turn
pale when the trial comes. This man seemed to me to lean over the
cornice, and timidly whisper his half truth to the rude occupants
who really knew it better than he. What of
architectural beauty I now see, I know has gradually grown from
within outward, out of the necessities and character of the
indweller, who is the only builder -- out of some unconscious
truthfulness, and nobleness, without ever a thought for the
appearance and whatever additional beauty of this kind is destined
to be produced will be preceded by a like unconscious beauty of
life. The most interesting dwellings in this country, as the
painter knows, are the most unpretending, humble log huts and
it is the life of the inhabitants
whose shells they are, and not any peculiarity in their surfaces
merely, which ma and equally interesting will
be the citizen's suburban box, when his life shall be as simple and
as agreeable to the imagination, and there is as little straining
after effect in the style of his dwelling. A
great proportion of architectural ornaments are literally hollow,
and a September gale would strip them off, like borrowed plumes,
without injury to the substantials. They can do without
architecture who have no olives nor wines in the cellar. What if an
equal ado were made about the ornaments of style in literature, and
the architects of our bibles spent as much time about their
cornices as the architects of our churches do? So are made the
belles-lettres and the beaux-arts and their professors. Much it
concerns a man, forsooth, how a few sticks are slanted over him or
under him, and what colors are daubed upon his box. It would
signify somewhat, if, in any earnest sense, he slanted them and
but the spirit having departed out of the tenant, it is
of a piece with constructing his own coffin -- the architecture of
the grave -- and "carpenter" is but another name for
"coffin-maker." One man says, in his despair or indifference to
life, take up a handful of the earth at your feet, and paint your
house that color. Is he thinking of his last and narrow house? Toss
up a copper for it as well. What an abundance of leisure be must
have! Why do you take up a handful of dirt? Better paint your house
let it turn pale or blush for you. An
enterprise to improve the style of cottage architecture! When you
have got my ornaments ready, I will wear them.
进冬以前，我造了一个烟囱，在屋侧钉上一些薄片，因为那里已经不能挡雨，那些薄片是木头上砍下来的，不很完善的很苍翠的木片，我却不得不用刨子刨平它们的两旁。
Before winter I built a
chimney, and shingled the sides of my house, which were already
impervious to rain, with imperfect and sappy shingles made of the
first slice of the log, whose edges I was obliged to straighten
with a plane.
这样我有了一个密不通风，钉上木片，抹以泥灰的房屋，十英尺宽，十五英尺长，木拄高八英尺，还有一个阁楼，一个小间每一边一扇大窗，两个活板门，尾端有一个大门，正对大门有个砖砌的火炉。我的房子的支出，只是我所用的这些材料的一般价格，人工不算在内，因为都是我自己动手的，总数我写在下面：我抄写得这样的详细，因为很少数人能够精确他说出来，他们的房子终究花了多少钱，而能够把组成这一些房子的各式各样的材料和各别的价格说出来的人，如果有的活，也是更加少了：
I have thus a tight shingled
and plastered house, ten feet wide by fifteen long, and eight-feet
posts, with a garret and a closet, a large window on each side, two
trap doors, one door at the end, and a brick fireplace opposite.
The exact cost of my house, paying the usual price for such
materials as I used, but not counting the work, all of which was
done by myself, and I give the details because very
few are able to tell exactly what their houses cost, and fewer
still, if any, the separate cost of the various materials which
compose them:
木板……八·０三五元（多数系旧板）Boards& $ 8.03+, mostly shanty
屋顶及墙板用的旧木片……四元 Refuse shingles for roof sides ...
&&& 板条……一·二五０元
两扇旧窗及玻璃……二·四三０元& Two second-hand windows with
glass& 2.43&
一千块旧砖……四．０００元 One thousand old brick&
两箱石灰……二·四００元——买贵了 Two casks of lime 2.40 That was high
头发……０·三一０元——买多了 Hair 0.31 More than I needed
壁炉用铁片……０·一五０元 Mantle-tree iron&
&&& 钉……三·九００元
铰链及螺丝钉……０·一四０元 Hinges and screws 0.14&
&&& 闩子……０·一００元
Latch 0.10&
&&& 粉笔……０．０一０元
Chalk& 0.01&
搬运费……一·四００元——大多自己背 Transportation&1.40 I carried a
good part&on my back
&&& 共计……二八·一二五元
In all&&$28.12+
所有材料都在这里了，除了木料，石头，沙子，后面这些材料我是用在公地上占地盖屋的人应该享受的特权取来的。我另外还搭了一个披屋，大都是用造了房子之后留下来的材料盖的。
These are all the materials,
excepting the timber, stones, and sand, which I claimed by
squatter's right. I have also a small woodshed adjoining, made
chiefly of the stuff which was left after building the
我本想给我造一座房子，论宏伟与华丽，要超过康科德大街上任何一座房子的，只要它能够像目前的这间使我这样高兴，而且花费也不更多的话。
I intend to build me a house
which will surpass any on the main street in Concord in grandeur
and luxury, as soon as it pleases me as much and will cost me no
more than my present one.
这样我发现，只想住宿舍的学生完全能够得到一座终身受用的房子，所花的费用还不比他现在每年付的住宿费大呢，如果说，我似乎夸大得有点过甚其辞，那未我的解释是我并非为自己，是为人类而夸大；我的短处和前后不一致并不能影响我言论的真实性，尽管我有不少虚假和伪善的地方——那好像是难于从麦子上打掉的糠秕，我也跟任何人一样为此感到遗憾，——我还是要自由地呼吸，在这件事上挺起我的腰杆子来，这对于品德和身体都是一个极大的快乐；而且我决定，决不屈辱地变成魔鬼的代言人，我要试着为真理说一句好话。在剑桥学院，一个学生住比我那房稍大一点儿的房间，光住宿费就是每年三十元，那家公司却在一个屋顶下造了毗连的三十二个房间，占尽了便宜，房客却因邻居众多而嘈杂，也许还不得不住在四层楼上，因而深感不便。我就不得不想着，如果我们在这些方面有更多的真知的见，不仅教育的需要可以减少，因为更多的教育工作早就可以完成了，而且为了受教育而必需有钱交费那样的事情一定已经大部分都消灭掉了。学生在剑桥或别的学校为了必需有的便利，花掉了他或别人的很大的生命代价，如果双方都合理地处置这一类事情，那只消花十分之一就够了。要收费的东西，决不是学生最需要的东西。例如，学费在这一学期的账目中是一笔大的支出，而他和同时代人中最有教养的人往来，并从中得到更有价值得多的教育，这却不需要付费。成立一个学院的方式，通常是弄到一批捐款的人，捐来大洋和角子，然后盲目地遵从分工的原则，分工分得到了家，这个原则实在是非得审慎从事不可的，——于是招揽了一个承办大工程的包工来，他又雇用了爱尔兰人或别的什么工人，而后果真奠基开工了，然后，学生们得适应在这里面住；而为了这一个失策，一代代的予弟就得付出学费。我想，学生或那些想从学校中得益的人，如果能自己来奠基动工，事情就会好得多。学生得到了他贪求的空闲与休息，他们根据制度，逃避了人类必需的任何劳动，得到的只是可耻的、无益的空闲，而能使这种空闲变为丰富收获的那种经验，他们却全没有学到。“可是，”有人说，“你总不是主张学生不该用脑，而是应该用手去学习吧？”我不完全是这样的主张，我主张的东西他应该多想一想；我主张他们不应该以生活为游戏，或仅仅以生活作研究，还要人类社会花高代价供养他们，他们应该自始至终，热忱地生活。除非青年人立刻进行生活的实践，他们怎能有更好方法来学习生活呢？我想这样做才可以像数学一样训练他们的心智。举例以明之。如果我希望一个孩子懂得一些科学文化，我就不愿意走老路子，那不过是把他送到附近的教授那儿去，那里什么都教，什么都练习，只是不教生活的艺术也不练习生活的艺术；——只是从望远镜或显微镜中考察世界，却从不教授他用肉眼来观看；研究了化学，却不去学习他的面包如何做成，或者什么工艺，也不学如何挣来这一切的，虽然发现了海王星的卫星，却没有发现自己眼睛里的微尘，更没有发现自己成了哪一个流浪汉的卫星；他在一滴醋里观察怪物，却要被他四周那些怪物吞噬。一个孩子要是自己开挖出铁矿石来，自己熔炼它们，把他所需要知道的都从书本上找出来，然后他做成了一把他自己的折刀——另一个孩子则一方面在冶金学院里听讲冶炼的技术课，一方面收到他父亲给他的一把洛杰斯牌子的折刀，——试想过一个月之后，哪一个孩子进步得更快？又是哪一个孩子会给折刀割破了手的呢？……真叫我吃惊，我离开大学的时候，说是我已经学过航海学了！——其实，只要我到港口去打一个转身，我就会学到更多这方面的知识。甚至贫困的学生也学了，并且只被教授以政治经济学，而生活的经济学，那是哲学的同义语，甚至没有在我们的学院中认真地教授过。结果弄成了这个局面，因儿子在研究亚当·斯密，李嘉图和萨伊，父亲却陷入了无法摆脱的债务中。
I thus found that the student
who wishes for a shelter can obtain one for a lifetime at an
expense not greater than the rent which he now pays annually. If I
seem to boast more than is becoming, my excuse is that I brag for
humanity ra and my shortcomings and
inconsistencies do not affect the truth of my statement.
Notwithstanding much cant and hypocrisy -- chaff which I find it
difficult to separate from my wheat, but for which I am as sorry as
any man -- I will breathe freely and stretch myself in this
respect, it is such a relief to both the moral
and I am resolved that I will not through
humility become the devil's attorney. I will endeavor to speak a
good word for the truth. At Cambridge College the mere rent
of a student's room, which is only a little larger than my own, is
thirty dollars each year, though the corporation had the advantage
of building thirty-two side by side and under one roof, and the
occupant suffers the inconvenience of many and noisy neighbors, and
perhaps a residence in the fourth story. I cannot but think that if
we had more true wisdom in these respects, not only less education
would be needed, because, forsooth, more would already have been
acquired, but the pecuniary expense of getting an education would
in a great measure vanish. Those conveniences which the student
requires at Cambridge or elsewhere cost him or somebody else ten
times as great a sacrifice of life as they would with proper
management on both sides. Those things for
which the most money is demanded are never the things which the
student most wants. Tuition, for
instance, is an important item in the term bill, while for the far
more valuable education which he gets by associating with the most
cultivated of his contemporaries no charge is made. The mode
of founding a college is, commonly, to get up a subscription of
dollars and cents, and then, following blindly the principles of a
division of labor to its extreme -- a principle which should never
be followed but with circumspection -- to call in a contractor who
makes this a subject of speculation, and he employs Irishmen or
other operatives actually to lay the foundations, while the
students that are to be are said to be fitti
and for these oversights successive generations have to pay. I
think that it would be better than this, for the students, or those
who desire to be benefited by it, even to lay the foundation
themselves. The student who secures his coveted leisure and
retirement by systematically shirking any labor necessary to man
obtains but an ignoble and unprofitable leisure, defrauding himself
of the experience which alone can make leisure fruitful. "But,"
says one, "you do not mean that the students should go to work with
their hands instead of their heads?" I do not mean that exactly,
but I mean something which he might think a I
mean that they should not play life, or study it merely, while the
community supports them at this expensive game, but earnestly live
it from beginning to end. How could youths
better learn to live than by at once trying the experiment of
living? Methinks this would exercise their minds as much as
mathematics. If I wished a boy to know something about the arts and
sciences, for instance, I would not pursue the common course, which
is merely to send him into the neighborhood of some professor,
where anything is professed and practised --
to survey the world through a telescope or a microscope, and never
to study chemistry, and not learn how his
bread is made, or mechanics, and not le to
discover new satellites to Neptune, and not detect the motes in his
eyes, or to what vagabond he is or to be
devoured by the monsters that swarm all around him, while
contemplating the monsters in a drop of vinegar. Which would have
advanced the most at the end of a month -- the boy who had made his
own jackknife from the ore which he had dug and smelted, reading as
much as would be necessary for this -- or the boy who had attended
the lectures on metallurgy at the Institute in the meanwhile, and
had received a Rodgers' penknife from his father? Which would be
most likely to cut his fingers?... To my astonishment I was
informed on leaving college that I had studied navigation! -- why,
if I had taken one turn down the harbor I should have known more
about it. Even the poor student studies and is taught only
political economy, while that economy of living which is synonymous
with philosophy is not even sincerely professed in our colleges.
The consequence is, that while he is reading Adam Smith, Ricardo,
and Say, he runs his father in debt irretrievably.
正如我们的学院，拥有一百种“现代化的进步设施”；对它们很容易发生幻想；却并不总是有肯定的进步。魔鬼老早就投了资，后来又不断地加股，为此他一直索取利息直到最后。我们的发明常常是漂亮的玩具，只是吸引我们的注意力，使我们离开了严肃的事物。它们只是对毫无改进的目标提供一些改进过的方法，其实这目标早就可以很容易地到达的；就像直达波士顿或直达纽约的铁路那样。我们急忙忙要从缅因州筑一条磁力电报线到得克萨斯州；可是从缅因州到得克萨斯州，也许没有什么重要的电讯要拍发。正像一个人，热衷地要和一个耳聋的著名妇人谈谈，他被介绍给她了，助听的听筒也放在他手里了，他却发现原来没有话要对她说。仿佛主要的问题只是要说得快，却不是要说得有理智。我们急急乎要在大西洋底下设隧道，使旧世界能缩短儿个星期，很快地到
达新世界，可是传入美国人的软皮搭骨的大耳朵的第一个消息，也许是阿德莱德公主害了百日咳之类的新闻。总之一句话，骑着马，一分钟跑一英里的人决不会携带最重要的消息，他不是一个福音教徒，他跑来跑去也不是为了吃蝗虫和野蜜。我怀疑飞童有没有载过一粒谷子到磨坊去。
As with our colleges, so with
a hundred "modern improvements"; there is an
there is not always a positive advance. The devil goes on exacting
compound interest to the last for his early share and numerous
succeeding investments in them. Our inventions are wont to be
pretty toys, which distract our attention from serious things. They
are but improved means to an unimproved end, an end which it was
already but t as railroads lead to Boston or
New York. We are in great haste to construct a magnetic telegraph
from Maine to T but Maine and Texas, it may be, have nothing
important to communicate. Either is in such a predicament as the
man who was earnest to be introduced to a distinguished deaf woman,
but when he was presented, and one end of her ear trumpet was put
into his hand, had nothing to say. As if the main object were to
talk fast and not to talk sensibly. We are eager to tunnel under
the Atlantic and bring the Old World some weeks nearer to the N
but perchance the first news that will leak through into the broad,
flapping American ear will be that the Princess Adelaide has the
whooping cough. After all, the man whose horse trots a mile in a
minute does not carry the mos he is not an
evangelist, nor does he come round eating locusts and wild honey. I
doubt if Flying Childers ever carried a peck of corn to
有一个人对我说，“我很奇怪你怎么不积几个钱；你很爱旅行；你应该坐上车，今天就上菲茨堡去，见见世面嘛。”可是我比这更聪明些。我已经明白最快的旅行是步行。我对我的朋友说，假定我们试一试，谁先到那里。距离是三十英里，车票是九角钱。这差不多是一天的工资，我还记得，在这条路上做工的人一天只拿六角钱。好了，我现在步行出发，不要到晚上我就到达了；一星期来，我的旅行都是这样的速度。那时候，你是在挣工资，明天的什么时候你也到了，假如工作找得巧，可能今晚上就到达。然而，你不是上菲茨堡，而是花了一天的大部分时间在这儿工作。由此可见，铁路线尽管绕全世界一圈，我想我总还是赶在你的前头；至于见见世面，多点阅历，那我就该和你完全绝交了。
One says to me, "I wonder
that you you might take
the cars and go to Fitchburg today and see the country." But I am
wiser than that. I have learned that the
swiftest traveller is he that goes afoot. I say to my
friend, Suppose we try who will get there first. The distance is
the fare ninety cents. That is almost a day's wages.
I remember when wages were sixty cents a day for laborers on this
very road. Well, I start now on foot, and ge I
have travelled at that rate by the week together. You will in the
meanwhile have earned your fare, and arrive there some time
tomorrow, or possibly this evening, if you are lucky enough to get
a job in season. Instead of going to Fitchburg, you will be working
here the greater part of the day. And so, if the railroad reached
round the world, I think that I shou and as
for seeing the country and getting experience of that kind, I
should have to cut your acquaintance altogether.
&&&&这便是普遍的规律，从没有人能胜过它；至于铁路，我们可以说它是很广而且很长的。使全人类得到一条绕全球一圈的铁路，好像是挖平地球的表面一样。人们糊里糊涂相信着，只要他们继续用合股经营的办法，铲子这样子铲下去，火车最后总会到达某个地方的，几乎不要花多少时间，也不要花什么钱；可是成群的人奔往火车站，收票员喊着“旅客上车！”烟在空中吹散，蒸气喷发浓密，这时可以看到少数人上了车，而其余的人却被车压过去了，这就被称做“一个可悲的事故”，确是如此。毫无疑问，挣到了车资的人，最后还是赶得上车子的，就是说，只要他们还活着，可是说不定那时候他们已经失去了开朗的性情和旅行的愿望了。这种花了一个人的生命中最宝贵的一部分来赚钱，为了在最不宝贵的一部分时间里享受一点可疑的自由，使我想起了那个英国人，为
了他可以回到英国去过一个诗人般的生活，他首先跑到印度去发财。他应该立即住进破旧的阁楼去才对。“什么！”一百万个爱尔兰人从土地上的所有的棚屋里发出呼声来了，“我们所造的这条铁路，难道不是一个好东西吗？”是的，我回答，比较起来，是好的，就是说，你们很可能搞得更坏；可是，因为你们是我的兄弟，我希望你们能够比挖掘土方更好地打发你们的光阴。
Such is the universal law,
which no man can ever outwit, and with regard to the railroad even
we may say it is as broad as it is long. To make a railroad round
the world available to all mankind is equivalent to grading the
whole surface of the planet. Men have an indistinct notion that if
they keep up this activity of joint stocks and spades long enough
all will at length ride somewhere, in next to no time, and for
but though a crowd rushes to the depot, and the conductor
shouts "All aboard!" when the smoke is blown away and the vapor
condensed, it will be perceived that a few are riding, but the rest
are run over -- and it will be called, and will be, "A melancholy
accident." No doubt they can ride at last who shall have earned
their fare, that is, if they survive so long, but they will
probably have lost their elasticity and desire to travel by that
time. This spending of the best part of one's
life earning money in order to enjoy a questionable liberty during
the least valuable part of it reminds me of the Englishman
who went to India to make a fortune first, in order that he might
return to England and live the life of a poet. He should have gone
up garret at once. "What!" exclaim a million Irishmen starting up
from all the shanties in the land, "is not this railroad which we
have built a good thing?" Yes, I answer, comparatively good, that
is, you m but I wish, as you are brothers of
mine, that you could have spent your time better than digging in
this dirt.
在我的房屋建成之前，我就想用老实又愉快的方式来赚它十元十二元的，以偿付我的额外支出，我在两英亩半的屋边的沙地上种了点东西，主要是蚕豆，也种了一点土豆，玉米，豌豆和萝卜。我总共占了十一英亩地，大都长着松树和山核桃树，上一季的地价是八元零八分一英亩。有一个农夫说这地“毫无用处，只好养一些叽叽叫的松鼠”。我没有在这片地上施肥，我不是它的主人，不过是一个居住在无主之地上的人，我不希望种那么多的地，就没有一下于把全部的地都锄好。锄地时，我挖出了许多树根来，有几“考德”，供我燃烧了很久，这就留下了几小圈未耕作过的沃土，当蚕豆在夏天里长得异常茂盛的时候是很容易区别它们的。房屋后面那些枯死的卖不掉的树木和湖上漂浮而来的木头也供给了我其余的一部分燃料。我却不能不租一组犁地的马和雇一个短工，但
掌犁的还是我自己。我的农场支出，第一季度在工具、种子和工资等方面，一总十四元七角两分五。玉米种子是人家送的。种子实在不值多少钱，除非你种得比需要量更多。我收获蚕豆十二蒲式耳，土豆十八蒲式耳，此外还有若干豌豆和王米。黄玉米和萝卜种晚了，没有收成。农场的收入全部是：
Before I finished my house,
wishing to earn ten or twelve dollars by some honest and agreeable
method, in order to meet my unusual expenses, I planted about two
acres and a half of light and sandy soil near it chiefly with
beans, but also a small part with potatoes, corn, peas, and
turnips. The whole lot contains eleven acres, mostly growing up to
pines and hickories, and was sold the preceding season for eight
dollars and eight cents an acre. One farmer said that it was "good
for nothing but to raise cheeping squirrels on." I put no manure
whatever on this land, not being the owner, but merely a squatter,
and not expecting to cultivate so much again, and I did not quite
hoe it all once. I got out several cords of stumps in plowing,
which supplied me with fuel for a long time, and left small circles
of virgin mould, easily distinguishable through the summer by the
greater luxuriance of the beans there. The dead and for the most
part unmerchantable wood behind my house, and the driftwood from
the pond, have supplied the remainder of my fuel. I was obliged to
hire a team and a man for the plowing, though I held the plow
myself. My farm outgoes for the first season were, for implements,
seed, work, etc., $14.72+. The seed corn was given me. This never
costs anything to speak of, unless you plant more than enough. I
got twelve bushels of beans, and eighteen bushels of potatoes,
beside some peas and sweet corn. The yellow corn and turnips were
too late to come to anything. My whole income from the farm
&&&&二三·四四元
&&& 减去支出一四·七二五元
Deducting the outgoes& 14.72+
&&& 结余八·七一五元
There are left $ 8.71+
除了我消费掉的和手头还存着一些的产品之外，估计约值四元五角——手上的储存已超出了我自己不能生产的一点儿蔬菜的需要量。从全面考虑，这是说，我考虑到人的灵魂和时间的重要性，我虽然为了这个实验占去了我很短的一些时间，不，一部分也因为它的时间非常短暂，我就确信我今年的收成比康科德任何农民都要好。
beside produce consumed and
on hand at the time this estimate was made of the value of $4.50 --
the amount on hand much more than balancing a little grass which I
did not raise. All things considered, that is, considering the
importance of a man's soul and of today, notwithstanding the short
time occupied by my experiment, nay, partly even because of its
transient character, I believe that that was doing better than any
farmer in Concord did that year.
第二年，我就干得更好了，因为我把总需要量的全部土地统统种上了，只不过一英亩的三分之一，从这两年的经验中，我发现了我没有给那些农业巨著吓倒，包括亚瑟·扬的著作在内。我发现一个人如果要简单地生活，只吃他自己收获的粮食，而且并不耕种得超过他的需要，也不无餍足地交换更奢侈、更昂贵的物品，那末他只要耕几平方杆的地就够了：用铲子比用牛耕又便宜得多；每次可更换一块新地，以免给旧地不断地施肥，而一切农场上的必要劳动，只要他夏天有空闲的时候略略做一做就够了；这样他就不会像日前的人们那样去和一头牛，或马，或母牛，或猪猡，捆绑在一起。在这一点上，我希望大公无私他说话，作为一个对目前社会经济措施的成败都不关心的人，我比康科德的任何一个农夫都更具独立性，因为我没有抛锚固定在一座房屋或一个农场上，我能随我自己的意向行事，那意向是每一刹那都变化多端的。况且我的光景已经比他们的好了许多，如果我的房子烧掉了，或者我歉收了，我还能跟以前一样地过得很好。
The next year I did better
still, for I spaded up all the land which I required, about a third
of an acre, and I learned from the experience of both years, not
being in the least awed by many celebrated works on husbandry,
Arthur Young among the rest, that if one would live simply and eat
only the crop which he raised, and raise no more than he ate, and
not exchange it for an insufficient quantity of more luxurious and
expensive things, he would need to cultivate only a few rods of
ground, and that it would be cheaper to spade up that than to use
oxen to plow it, and to select a fresh spot from time to time than
to manure the old, and he could do all his necessary farm work as
it were with his left hand at odd and thus he
would not be tied to an ox, or horse, or cow, or pig, as at
present. I desire to speak impartially on this point, and as one
not interested in the success or failure of the present economical
and social arrangements. I was more independent than any farmer in
Concord, for I was not anchored to a house or farm, but could
follow the bent of my genius, which is a very crooked one, every
moment. Beside being better off than they already, if my house had
been burned or my crops had failed, I should have been nearly as
well off as before.
我常想，不是人在放牛，简直是牛在牧人，而人放牛是更自由的。人与牛是在交换劳动，如果我们考虑的只是必须劳动的话，那末看来牛要占便宜得多，它们的农场也大得多。人担任的一部分交换劳动便是割上六个星期的干草，这可不是儿戏呢。自然没有一个在各方面的生活都很简单的国土，就是说，没有一个哲学家的国土，是愿意犯这种重大错误来叫畜生劳动的。确实世上从未有过，将来也未见得会有那么个哲学家的国土，就是有了，我也不敢说它一定是美满的。然而我绝对不愿意去驯一匹马或一头牛，束缚了它，叫它替我做任何它能做的工作，只因为我怕自己变成了马夫或牛倌；如果说这样做了，社会就得益非浅，那未难道能够肯定一个人的盈利就不是另一个人的损失，难道能够肯定马房里的马夫跟他的主人是同样地满足的吗？就算有些公共的工作没有牛马的帮助是建立不起来的，而且就让人类来和牛马一起分享这种光荣；是否能推理说，那样的话，他就不可能用更加对得起自己的方式来完成这种工作了呢？当人们利用了牛马帮助，开始做了许多不仅是不需要的和艺术的，而且还是奢侈的和无用的工作，这就不可避免的要有少数人得和牛马做交换工作，换句话说，这些人便成了最强者的奴隶。所以，人不仅为他内心的兽性而工作，而且，这像是一个象征，他还为他身外的牲畜而劳动。虽然我们已经有了许多砖瓦或石头砌造的屋子，一个农夫的殷实与否，还得看看他的兽厩在什么程度上盖过了他的住屋。据说城市里有最大的房屋，供给这儿的耕牛、奶牛和马匹居住；公共大厦这一方面毫不落后；可是在这个县里，可供言论自由与信仰自由用的大厅反倒很少呢。国家不应该用高楼大厦来给它们自己树立起纪念碑，为什么不用抽象的思维力来纪念呢？东方的全部废墟，也决不比一卷《对话录》更可赞叹！高塔与寺院是帝王的糜侈。一个单纯而独立的心智决不会听从帝王的吩咐去干苦活的。天才决不是任何帝王的侍从，金子银子和大理石也无法使他们留芳百世，它们最多只能保留极细微的一部分。请告诉我，锤打这么多石头，要达到什么目的呢？当我在阿卡狄亚的时候，我没有看到任何人雕琢大理石。许多国家沉迷在疯狂的野心中，要想靠留下多少雕琢过的石头来使它们自己永垂不朽。如果他们用同样的劳力来琢凿自己的风度，那会怎么样呢？一件有理性的事情，要比矗立一个高得碰到月球的纪念碑还更加值得留传。我更喜欢让石头放在它们原来的地方。像底比斯那样的宏伟是庸俗的。一座有一百个城门的底比斯城早就远离了人生的真正目标，怎能有围绕着诚实人的田园的一平方杆的石墙那么合理呢。野蛮的、异教徒的宗教和文化倒建造了华丽的寺院；而可以称之为基督教的，就没有这样做。一个国家锤击下来的石头大都用在它的坟墓上。它活埋了它自己。说到金字塔，本没有什么可惊奇的，可惊的是有那么多人，竟能屈辱到如此地步，花了他们一生的精力，替一个鲁钝的野心家造坟墓，其实他要是跳尼罗河淹死，然后把身体喂野狗都还更聪明些，更有气派些呢。我未始不可以给他们，也给他找一些掩饰之词，可是我才没有时间呢。至于那些建筑家所信的宗教和他们对于艺术的爱好，倒是全世界一样的，不管他们造的是埃及的神庙还是美利坚合众国银行。总是代价大于实际。虚荣是源泉，助手是爱大蒜、面包和牛油。一个年轻的有希望的建筑师叫巴尔康先生，他在维特罗微乌斯的后面追随着用硬铅笔和直尺设计了一个图样，然后交到道勃苏父子采石公司
手上。当三十个世纪开始俯视着它时，人类抬头向着它凝望。你们的那些高塔和纪念碑呵，城里有过一个疯子要挖掘一条通到中国去的隧道，掘得这样深，据说他已经听到中国茶壶和烧开水的响声了；可是，我想我决不会越出我的常轨而去赞美他的那个窟窿的。许多人关心着东方和西方的那些纪念碑，——要知道是谁造的。我愿意知道，是谁当时不肯造这些东西，——谁能够超越乎这许多烦琐玩意儿之上。可是让我继续统计下去吧。
I am wont to think that
men are not so much the keepers of herds as
herds are the keepers of men, the former are so much the
freer. Men an but if we consider necessary
work only, the oxen will be seen to have greatly the advantage,
their farm is so much the larger. Man does some of his part of the
exchange work in his six weeks of haying, and it is no boy's play.
Certainly no nation that lived simply in all respects, that is, no
nation of philosophers, would commit so great a blunder as to use
the labor of animals. True, there never was and is not likely soon
to be a nation of philosophers, nor am I certain it is desirable
that there should be. However, I should never have broken a horse
or bull and taken him to board for any work he might do for me, for
fear I should become a horseman
society seems to be the gainer by so doing, are we certain that
what is one man's gain is not another's loss, and that the
stable-boy has equal cause with his master to be satisfied? Granted
that some public works would not have been constructed without this
aid, and let man share the glory of such w
does it follow that he could not have accomplished works yet more
worthy of himself in that case? When men begin to do, not merely
unnecessary or artistic, but luxurious and idle work, with their
assistance, it is inevitable that a few do all the exchange work
with the oxen, or, in other words, become the slaves of the
strongest. Man thus not only works for the
animal within him, but, for a symbol of this, he works for the
animal without him. Though we have many substantial houses
of brick or stone, the prosperity of the farmer is still measured
by the degree to which the barn overshadows the house. This town is
said to have the largest houses for oxen, cows, and horses
hereabouts, and it is not behindhand in
there are very few halls for free worship or free speech in this
county. It should not be by their
architecture, but why not even by their power of abstract thought,
that nations should seek to commemorate themselves?
How much more admirable the Bhagvat-Geeta
than all the ruins of the East! Towers and temples are the
luxury of princes. A simple and independent
mind does not toil at the bidding of any prince. Genius is not a
retainer to any emperor, nor is its material silver, or gold, or
marble, except to a trifling extent. To what end, pray, is
so much stone hammered? In Arcadia, when I was there, I did not see
any hammering stone. Nations are possessed
with an insane ambition to perpetuate the memory of themselves by
the amount of hammered stone they leave. What if equal pains were
taken to smooth and polish their manners? One piece of good
sense would be more memorable than a monument as high as the moon.
I love better to see stones in place. The grandeur of Thebes was a
vulgar grandeur. More sensible is a rod of stone wall that bounds
an honest man's field than a hundred-gated Thebes that has wandered
farther from the true end of life. The religion and civilization
which are barbaric and heathenish bu but what
you might call Christianity does not. Most of the stone a nation
hammers goes toward its tomb only. It buries itself alive. As for
the Pyramids, there is nothing to wonder at in them so much as the
fact that so many men could be found degraded enough to spend their
lives constructing a tomb for some ambitious booby, whom it would
have been wiser and manlier to have drowned in the Nile, and then
given his body to the dogs. I might possibly invent some excuse for
them and him, but I have no time for it. As for the religion and
love of art of the builders, it is much the same all the world
over, whether the building be an Egyptian temple or the United
States Bank. It costs more than it comes to. The mainspring is
vanity, assisted by the love of garlic and bread and butter. Mr.
Balcom, a promising young architect, designs it on the back of his
Vitruvius, with hard pencil and ruler, and the job is let out to
Dobson & Sons, stonecutters. When the thirty centuries begin to
look down on it, mankind begin to look up at it. As for your high
towers and monuments, there was a crazy fellow once in this town
who undertook to dig through to China, and he got so far that, as
he said, he heard the Chinese pot but I think
that I shall not go out of my way to admire the hole which he made.
Many are concerned about the monuments of the West and the East --
to know who built them. For my part, I should like to know who in
those days did not build them -- who were above such trifling. But
to proceed with my statistics.
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