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U.S. OPFOR Soldiers at , Louisiana
An opposing force (abbreviated OPFOR or enemy force) is a
tasked with representing an enemy, usually for training purposes in
scenarios. The related concept of
is used by some air forces. The United States maintains the
serving in the main OPFOR role. Other major units include the
which consists of 16 training brigades that often also serve as OPFOR. 's Joint Readiness Training Center is another major training site typically reserved for units that are slated to deploy into conflict areas.
At a basic level, a unit might serve as an opposing force for a single scenario, differing from its 'opponents' only in the objectives it is given. However, major armies commonly maintain specialized groups trained to accurately emulate real-life enemies, to provide a more realistic experience for their training opponents. (To avoid the diplomatic ramifications of naming a real nation as a likely enemy, training scenarios often use fictionalized versions with different names but similar military characteristics to the expected real-world foes.)
Opposing forces can also coincide with
activities. Once the Analytic Red Team develops adversary tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) it will be the opposing force that makes use of those TTPs in wargames and exercises.
Some dedicated opposing forces may fight using the likely enemy's doctrine, weapons, and equipment. They may wear uniforms which resemble the likely enemy's, or one dissimilar to "friendly forces". Their vehicles may either be those operated by the likely enemy's, or may be modified to look like those. All these measures help to enhance training realism and provide useful lessons on how to fight this particular enemy.
simulators are often used by both sides in the exercise to provide the
caused by the noise and smoke of battle.
In addition, a simulation system such as the
(MILES) may be used. This system is attached to various weapons, and are zeroed to the sights of the weapon. When a blank round is fired, the system sends out a laser beam, which score "kills" or "injuries" on any soldier or vehicle in what would be the path of the weapon's projectile. These laser beams are detected by receivers on harnesses worn by the soldiers, or on the vehicle itself.
Alternatively,
weapons which look like real weapons, or simulation rounds such as
may be used. Usually, controllers follow the training troops to help score additional kills, such as when a simulated grenade is thrown. They may do so with the MILES system using a controller gun. All these measures help to emphasize the importance of aimed fire, and taking cover. These concepts, while obvious, are often neglected in ordinary one-sided training exercises because the soldier does not suffer the consequences.
disguised as
at Fort Irwin in 1985
OPFOR Training 2012
using a former
vehicle for the OPFOR role during an exercise
One of the best-known examples of specialist operations is the ' OPFOR. During the , opposing force units employed
military doctrine and simulated S since the fall of the USSR, US opposing force units have become more flexible to represent a wider range of opponents. More recently training has focused on Iraq and Afghanistan.
There are three Major Training Centers that utilize home-based OPFOR units for the :
-- home unit is the
(the Blackhorse)
or JRTC at
-- home unit is the 1st Battalion, 509th Parachute Infantry Regiment (the Geronimos')'
or JMRC (formerly known as the Combat Maneuver Training Center or CMTC) at Hohenfels, Germany -- home unit is the 1st Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment (Separate) (the Warriors)
An OSV Disguised as a Soviet BMP at NTC, Fort Irwin, CA
The units at NTC and JMRC were used to replicate a Soviet Motorized Rifle regiment or division. At NTC,
were used to replicate Soviet
tanks until 2003.
are used to replicate , VISMOD
(known as the OPFOR Surrogate Vehicle [OSV]) are used to replicate
Infantry Fighting Vehicles (IFV), while VISMOD
Tanks (known as the Krasnovian Variant Tank [KVT]) and M113A2s (known as the OPFOR Surrogate Vehicle, Tank [OSV-T]) are also used to replicate the . At JMRC, M113A2s are used to replicate Soviet BMP-2s and
tanks are used to replicate Soviet T-80s.
During the mid-1990s, JMRC was used to train peacekeeping forces for the former
under low-intensity conflict missions. Currently, the OpFor mission has since been modified for counter-insurgency training for
Starting in early 2004, NTC began focusing on training units selected to deploy to
(UO). Towns of ever increasing size and complexity have been constructed throughout the training area to provide battlefield realism and housing for the hundreds of role-playing personnel, many of whom speak
natively, and replicate civilians on the battlefield while wearing Afghan or Iraqi clothing. Cultural awareness and liaison operations with local leaders are emphasized at all times and at all levels.
Various US military installations and/or major units have their own local versions of opposing force used for training exercises. The joint Australian/US military exercise "Crocodile '03" featured an Australian-led opposing force in which soldiers from a range of Australian units worked together with a
contingent.
have served as OPFOR units when training with the . The , the , and the , have provided OPFOR services to their respective National Guard counterparts.
rotates units through
utilizes a regiment-sized OPFOR unit replicating the
infantry force at the .
This section does not
any . Please help
by . Unsourced material may be challenged and . (November 2017) ()
There are a number of private companies that provide OPFOR services to support the training missions of various military units. As the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan come to a close, the use of private training forces are on the rise in the Department of Defense. OPFOR companies supplement the existing training programs in a number of ways.[]
John Wellfare. . Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper.
. 1st Battalion (MP), 2nd Brigade (Civil Support), California State Military Reserve 2015.
Seay, Howard, WO1. . Heads Up. Georgia State Defense Force. 11 (1): 3 2015.
Konig, Dave. . Breitbart.com 2015.
(discusses the U.S. Army's OPFOR units, and post-Cold War changes to OPFOR.)
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