[原创]水管冻住了怎么办？水管防冻及解冻措施汇总
- [原创]水管冻住了怎么办？水管防冻及解冻措施汇总
[原创]水管冻住了怎么办？水管防冻及解冻措施汇总
水管解冻措施
装修沙龙　　加入时间： 17:02:13　　 　　点击：506
&&& 最近的强寒潮带来大幅降温，全国普降大雪，很多城市经历了百年不遇的极低气温，
上海气温创下36年来最低，广州也下了百年一遇的大雪，而上次下雪的时间是上世纪20年
代。在如此低温条件下，很多南方城市因为自来水管防冻措施不到位，很多市民家里的水
管都冻住了，各地供水公司每天接到成千上万例报修电话。小编在朋友圈里看到1小时内就
有十多个人发水管被冻住的在线求助，甚至两三天没法洗澡洗头，洗脸刷牙也只能用纯净
水。那么遇到冬季水管被冻住、冻结的情况，到底如何解决呢？今天小编就从水管防冻和
解冻两个大方面来给大家讲解。
&&&&&&& 水管防冻保护措施
&&&& 俗话说防患于未然，如果水管安装时或气温大幅下降前，能够对水管做一些防冻措
施，就能够在一定程度上避免水管冻住或者减轻冻的程度，解冻的时候就容易一些。那么
有水管的防冻措施有哪些呢？
&&&& 一、穿衣戴帽：对暴露在外的上水管道、水龙头等供水设施必须使用棉麻织物、塑料
泡沫等保温材料进行爆炸，并保持水表表面干燥、洁净。水表井内应该填满锯末或其他保
温材料，以防冻裂。
&&&& 二、滴水成线：酷冷天气里，为防止夜间水管被冻住，可以把水龙头稍微拧开一点
点，让水可以从水龙头滴成水线，只要水持续的流动，一般就不会冻住。
&&&& 三、排空设施：假如家中冬季持久无人居住，可以封闭门窗，将水表前总阀门关闭，
拧开室内水龙头将室内的水管里的水排空，避免室内的水管冻住，如果室外公用部分的水
管防冻措施到位，需要用水时直接开总阀门就可以顺利出水。
&&&&& 水管安装时考虑防冻因素
&&&& (1)在下雪前将屋面雨水斗封堵避免雪水流入,同时将屋面下的沉砂口(斜三通加堵头)
打开,如有水流入可从清扫口流出。
&&&& (2)在安装管道时保持馆内清洁,有油污时用汽油或丙酮擦净,并将所有排水管夹层内
的水排干净,避免越冬时在夹层内形成冰瘤撑破夹层外壁。
&&&& (3)在安装时将所有连接管口夹层用玻璃胶沿轴向涂抹均匀,不得漏刷或过厚,涂刷黏
结剂后要立即找正方能将管子插入,使其垂直并用力挤压静置二到三分钟使接口牢固,切勿
插入接后再旋转找方向,以免产生气泡影响黏结质量。封堵后再进行连接,以保证施工过程
中即使有水流入也进入不到夹层中。
&&&& (4)黏结前应检查承插口尺寸和间隙是否匹配,间隙过大的不要勉强使用,封堵每一层
的大小管口及地漏避免有水流入。
&&&& (5)PVC-U排水管线胀性较大,受温度变化产生的伸缩量较大。每层立管及较长的横管
上均要求设置伸缩节。安装伸缩节应预留伸缩量,夏天要5-10厘米;冬季为15-20厘米。
&&&& 在防冻海绵管的选择上，建议选择“黑色NBR/PVC橡塑B1级发泡海绵管”，据了解，
上海市城投水务公司直管的小区中，使用的是就是这种海面馆包扎水管，的确没有出现冻
结情况。不过，这种比较专业的设备，以往只在东北地区使用，在上海并没广泛使用。对
非公用部分的水管来说，可以到建材市场买这种管子来给对水管做防冻。
&&&& 那么对于已经冻住了的水管，如何解决呢？很多人首先就想到了去找物业，但不少物
业都是置之不理，很多市民对此十分不满，只好找供水公司，实际上供水公司、物业和个
人各有责任。以上海市为例， 供水企业与物业管理部门对住宅小区供水设备的划分共有四
种不同情况。总表供水的，企业管到水表接头以外（含水表）；抄表到户的，企业管到住
宅的进水阀门（不含阀门）；如果没有进水阀门，则以住宅建筑墙外一米为界，企业管到
一米之外；只有供水企业接管了二次供水设施的小区，所有管道设备均由企业管理。目
前，城投水务集团接管二次供水设施的小区仅5000余个，占全市10%左右。
&&&& 按这个说法，小区水管冻结，多数该找小区物业。但物业公司多如牛毛，普遍人手不
够、利润很薄，在防冻上又经验不足，出现眼下情况难以避免。谁来监督这些物业公司
呢？在监管措施还不够严格的情况下，遇到这种急事，只能先自己解决了，但也要注意解
冻方法，这几天出现因用热水浇冻结水管而出现水管爆裂的案例并不少见，结果造成水漫
金山，然后地面上的水又冻结，变成“溜冰场”了。
&&&&&&& 水管解冻方法：
&&&& 对于已经上冻的水管、龙头或者水表等，千万不能用火来烤，也不能用硬物来敲击，
只能用热毛巾敷、淋温水等方法解冻，切不可浇开水，或用明火烤、金属器械敲击等。水
管冻住后，要关闭表前及室内阀门，少许拧开龙头，以消除由于水冰冻体积膨胀而带来的
管道内压力，避免管道或管件开裂。
&&&& 另外，室外的管道和水表在极端低温条件下，较易产生局部冻结，造成无水现象。居
民在寒冷天气要关好门窗，特别是北侧，以保持好室内的温度。室内外的水龙头，裸露的
水管等可以用棉麻织物、草绳或者旧衣服等进行包裹。严寒封冻前，要检查一下水表箱，
保持箱内干燥，在水表上覆盖一些干燥的木屑、稻草等。
&&&& 如果水管被冻住，太阳出来后可以在太阳下多晒一会儿，看看能不能化开水管。前提
是白天最高温在0度以上，如果最高温仍是零下，自己化冻就希望不大了。
&&&& 水管冻结后，应先用毛巾或湿布捂住水龙头及水管，拧开开关。然后从水龙头开始，
将热水缓慢地逐段浇冲在水管上，并逐渐延伸，使管内冰块慢慢溶化，不久即可恢复通
&&&& 利用吹头发的电吹风：如果您家里的自来水管道是PPR材料，而且轻微冻，可以用吹
头发的电吹风，吹的时候注意不要对着一个地方吹，要上下吹，这样就可以为自来水管解
&&&& 如果太阳晒化不了冻，那就要用热水烫开了。但刚开始不要直接用热水，否则易导致
水管破损。应该用温水浇几遍后，再拿壶热开水，均匀的来回浇在水管上，注意不要烫到
自己。如果冻的比较厉害，可以多浇几次直到化开水管。
&&&& 利用喷灯：喷灯烤的方式适用于铸铁的自来水管;利用温水：热水也可以用来解冻自
来水管，但要注意不可用开水，一定要用温水，开水会使自来水管突然受热，引起爆裂。
这种方法，还适用于水表的解冻，在表面看不出水表有裂痕的情况下，可以使用温水解
冻。但如果水表严重冻裂，需与水务集团联系更换新水表;用棉被堵住地沟口：好多居民楼
的自来水管道在地下，地下管道被冻，多是因为一些地沟口没有防寒措施。居民可以找一
些旧的棉被将地沟口堵住，用来保暖。
&&&& 对于比较粗的管道，可以用管内加热法，即将管道接口处卸开后，往管道里注入温热
的盐水，水管会很快解冻。但这种方法比较繁琐，应谨慎考虑。
&&&& 为了避免水管再上冻，可以用破的厚棉衣服、塑料泡沫或塑料保温管等缠住水管，从
水龙头根部到水管底部都要缠好了，然后用铁丝使劲绑一绑，更结实。这样能保证水管不
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最新回答 (3条回答)
家里水管冻了 怎么办？？
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水管冻结如何解冻？
09-04-08 &
①寒冬，水管冻结后，应先用毛巾或湿布捂住水龙头及水管，拧开开关。然后从水龙头开始，将热水缓慢地逐段浇冲在水管上，并逐渐延伸，使管内冰块慢慢溶化，不久即可恢复通水。②寒冬时节裸露在外的水管如被冰冻，可用电吹风从水龙头处沿水管向外逐渐移动加热，能使水管很快解冻
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是外管,还是内管,是外管的话,换!是内管的话,一般的铁管就在一头加热,是胶的话,用热水冲.
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铁管用火烧 ,是胶的话,用热水冲.
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往水管浇点热水 回答者： Si2ero - 魔法师 四级   1-27 19:48在上面泼温水 电视上是这么说的 主要是防止水管爆裂 还有就是在水表上也要防冻 最好在上面盖上一层棉布之类的防止发生爆炸危险 如果是地下水管的话 那就要找专业人士了 回答者： hehe21535 - 试用期 一级   1-30 08:59解决这个问题我有实际经验。 前些天水管冻结5、6天，自来水公司来人两次说没有办法，我用吹气的办法确认是厨房墙内水管冻结，用电暖气、煤气灶将厨房温度由1度加温到23度多，整个过程进行了3个小时，那时9点了，看不到一点解冻的迹象，只好关闭所有热源离开了，大概夜里2点左右因为一处水龙头未关知道解冻了。冰冻三尺非一日之寒，看来解冻也是很长的过程。
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对于尚未被冻的水管，住户要提高水管防寒意识，可用棉麻织物、塑料泡沫包住水管、水表、水龙头。夜晚应关好厨房、厕所的窗户，也可稍稍拧开水龙头，使水管内的水流动起来而不致冻住。如果水管已经冻住了，可用电吹风烘吹，或拿毛巾裹住水管，然后用温水慢慢浇淋。切不可用火烘烤或用开水急烫，那样会使管道和水表爆裂。
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March 15, 1999 the Ninth National People's Congress adopted the second meeting of March 15, 1999 Decree of the President People's Republic of China announced its 15th since October 1, 1999 will come into effect)
        Contents
        General
        Chapter I General provisions
        Chapter II of the contract entered into
        Chapter III of the effectiveness of contract
        Chapter IV of the performance of the contract
        Chapter V of the change and transfer of contracts
        Chapter VI of the rights and obligations of the contract termination
        Chapter VII Liability
        Other provisions of Chapter VIII
        Sub -
        Chapter IX Sale
        Chapter X for electricity, water, gas, heat the contract
        Chapter XI grant contract
        Chapter XII loan contract
        Chapter XIII lease contract
        Chapter XIV finance lease contracts
        Chapter XV of the contract Forwarders
        Chapter XVI construction contract
        Chapter XVII the contract of carriage
        Chapter XVIII of the technical contract
        Chapter XIX custody contract
        Chapter 20th warehousing contract
        Chapter twenty-first commissioned by the contract
        Twenty-second chapter行纪合同
        Chapter twenty-brokered contract
        Supplementary Provisions
        General
        Chapter I General provisions
        First in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of parties to the contract, the maintenance of socio-economic order, promoting the socialist modernization, the development of this law.
        The second equality of this alleged contract is the subject of natural persons, legal persons and other organizations to establish, change, termination of the relationship between civil rights and obligations of the agreement.
        Marriage, adoption, guardianship status of the relationship, the application of other laws.
        Third parties to the contract of the legal status of equality, one should not impose its will to the other.
        Article IV of the parties voluntarily entered into the contract are legally entitled to the rights of any unit or individual may illegally interfered with.
        Article V should be guided by the principle of equity the parties to determine the rights and obligations of the parties.
        Article VI of the parties to exercise their rights, meet their obligations should be guided by the principle of good faith.
        Article VII of the parties to enter into, carry out the contract, should abide by laws and administrative regulations, respect social morality must not disturb the socio-economic order, impair the social and public interests.
        Article VIII of the contract set up in accordance with the law, legally binding on the parties. Should be in accordance with the agreement the parties to fulfill their obligations, may change or cancel the contract.
        The establishment of the contract in accordance with the law, protected by law.
        Chapter II of the contract entered into
        Article IX parties enter into the contract, should have the corresponding ability of civil rights and civil capacity.
        Representations to the parties to a contract in accordance with the law.
        Article X of the parties to enter into contracts, in writing, oral and other forms.
        Laws and administrative regulations in written form, it should be in writing. The parties have agreed in writing, should be in writing.
        Article XI refers to the contract in writing, books, letters and data message (including telegram, telex, fax, electronic data interchange and e-mail) can be tangible, such as contained in the form of performance.
        Article XII of the contents of the contract agreed upon by the parties generally include the following provisions:
        (A) the names of the parties or th
        (B)
        (C)
        (D)
        (E) p
        (F) To fulfill the period,
        (Vii) liability fo
        (Viii) methods of dispute resolution.
        The parties can refer to the text of the different types of contracts entered into the contract model.
        Article XIII of the parties to enter into contracts, to take the offer, a commitment.
        Article XIV and others to offer the hope that the conclusion of the contract meant that the meaning that should meet the following requirements:
        (A) determine
        (B) show that the commitment to withstand the offeror, the offeror that is bound by the meaning of that.
        Article XV of the offer is to invite others to offer their own meaning of that issue. Send the price list, auction notices, tenders, prospectus, commercial advertising, such as an invitation to submit offers.
        Commercial advertising in line with the provisions of the offer as an offer.
        Article XVI of an offer by the offeror arrived at the entry into force.
        Data message using the form of a contract, the recipient system to receive specific data message, the message data into the specific system time, do not specify a particular system, the data message enters the recipient's of any system the first time, as the arrival time.
        Article XVII of an offer may be withdrawn. Notice of the offer should be withdrawn in the offer by the offeror prior to arrival or with the offer by the offeror arrived at the same time.
        Article XVIII of an offer may be revoked. Notice of revocation of the offer by the offeror should be notified to issue an undertaking by the offeror prior to arrival.
        Article XIX of the following circumstances, an offer may not be revoked:
        (A) the offeror or identified commitment period in order to offer other forms of
        (B) the offeror has reason to believe that the offer is irrevocable and has made preparations to perform the contract.
        For the lucky bankers, and the offer lapsed:
        (A) notice of refusal of an offer
        (B) revocation of an offer to the offeror in acc
        (C) commitment to the expiration of the period by the offeror did n
        (D) the acceptance of an offer by the offeror to make substantive changes to the content.
        Article twenty-first commitment is subject to the consent of the offer means an offer that.
        Twenty-second article of the commitment should be made to inform, but in accordance with customary trade or offer to show that the acts committed by the exception.
        Commitment should be the twenty-third article of the period identified in the offer to reach the offeror.
        Offer no commitment period, commitments should be arrived at in accordance with the following provisions:
        (A) an offer made through dialogue, it should be committed immediately, but, except otherwise a
        (B) an offer made by a non-dialogue, and commitment should be to reach a reasonable period of time.
        The twenty-fourth of an offer to be made by letter or telegram, the commitment set out in the period from the date of the letter or telex issued to pay down. Did not contain the date of the letter, since the posting of the letter date of postmark. An offer by telephone, fax and other means of communication to quickly and commitment to the period since the arrival of an offer by the offeror at the beginning of the calculation.
        Article commitment to the establishment of the entry into force of the contract.
        Commitment to be the 26th man-hours notice of arrival of the entry into force of the offer. Commitment does not require notification, in accordance with customary trade or make a commitment to offer the requirements of the entry into force of the act.
        Data message using the form of a contract, and commitment to arrive at the time of this Law shall apply the provisions of Article XVI.
        Commitment can be withdrawn by the 27th article. Commitment to withdraw the notice should be notified in the commitment to reach the offeror before or at the same time and commitment to reach the offeror notice.
        Article twenty-eighth more than the commitment by the offeror issued the commitment period, in addition to promptly notify the offeror of the offeree are committed to the effective outside of the new offer.
        Twenty-ninth article in the commitment by the offeror issued the commitment period of time, usually the case in accordance with the timely arrival of the offeror, but due to other reasons, commitment to reach the offeror over the commitment period, in addition to promptly notify the offeror by the offeree is not a result of commitments over the period other than to accept the commitment, the commitment to effective.
        Commitment to the 30th article of the content should be consistent with the offer. The acceptance of an offer by the offeror to make substantive changes to the content of the new offer. The subject of the contract, the quantity, quality, price or remuneration, performance of the period, where and how the performance of, liability for breach of contract dispute resolution methods and the change is to offer the contents of the substantive changes.
       第三十一条commitment to the acceptance of an offer to make non-substantive changes in content, in addition to timely object to the offeror or an offer to show that the commitment not to offer any changes to the content of the outside, the commitment to effective, the contents of the contract to the content of the commitment, whichever is .
        Article thirty-second form of the contract the parties entered into the contract, since the signature or seal of both parties when the contract.
        Article thirty-third party use of the letter, data message, such as the contract form can be requested in the contract signed before the establishment of confirmation. When signing the contract confirmation.
        Commitment to the entry into force of the thirty-fourth article of the contract at the site.
        Data message using the form of a contract, and the recipient's principal place of business to set up the loca not the main place of business, its habitual residence to set up the location of the contract. Otherwise agreed by the parties and in accordance with their agreement.
        Article thirty-fifth book the form of the contract the parties entered into the contract, the parties to sign or seal the location of the sites set up for the contract.
        36th piece of legislation, administrative regulations or the parties have agreed that a contract be in writing, the parties have not adopted a written form but the main party has fulfilled its obligations, the other party to accept the contract.
        Article thirty-seventh form of the contract to enter into contracts, in the signature or seal, before the main party has fulfilled its obligations, the other party to accept the contract.
        Thirty-eighth state directive issued in accordance with the needs of the task or tasks of the national orders, the legal persons, other organizations should be in accordance with the relevant laws and administrative regulations of the rights and obligations of a contract.
        Format using the thirty-ninth article of the terms of a contract to provide the terms of the party format should follow the principle of equity between the parties to determine the rights and obligations, and to take reasonable way to draw attention from the other party or to limit its liability provisions, in accordance with the requirements of the other side, an explanation of the terms.
        Format is subject to the terms of re-use pre-prepared and not in the formation of contracts in consultation with the terms of each other.
        Terms shall have the format of the 52nd and 53rd of this Law stipulates that the case or the terms of the provision of one form from their responsibilities, adding to the other responsibilities, mainly the right to exclude each other, the null and void.
       第四十一条understanding of the terms of the format of the event of a dispute, should be interpreted in accordance with the generally understood. There are two provisions of the format explained above, should be made to provide the format is not conducive to the interpretation of the terms of the party. Non-format format of the terms and provisions of inconsistency, it should be a non-standard terms.
        Article forty parties entered into a contract in the course of one of the following situations result in the loss to the other side, shall bear the liability for damages:
        (A) under the guise of a contract, malicious c
        (B) enter into contracts with the deliberate concealment of important facts or provi
        (C) any other breach of the principle of good faith.
        Article forty-third in the conclusion of the contract the parties aware of the process of trade secrets, regardless of whether or not the establishment of the contract shall not disclose or improperly use. Improper use or disclosure of trade secrets of the damage caused to the other side, shall bear the liability for damages.
        Chapter III of the effectiveness of contract
        The establishment of the forty-fourth article of the contract in accordance with the law, since the entry into force of the establishment.
        Laws and administrative regulations should apply for approval, registration and other procedures which came into force, in accordance with its provisions.
        45th Article of the validity of the contract the parties may agree to the conditions attached. Conditions attached to the entry into force of the contract, since the conditions of entry into force of the achievements. Conditions attached to the lifting of the contract, since the conditions of the achievements of failure.
        Parties for their own interests to prevent the improper conditions of success, as the
improperly contributed to the conditions of success, as conditions are not achievements.
        46th Article of the validity of the contract the parties may agree the period is attached. Attached to the entry into force of the contract period, since the deadline to take effect session. Attached to the termination of the contract period, since the expiration of the period expired.
        Restricts the 47th person to enter into civil capacity of the contract, ratified by the legal representative, the contract effectively, but purely by the interests of the contract or their age, intelligence and mental health to adapt and make the contract, need not go through the statutory agent were ratified.
        Relative who can催告legal representative shall be ratified in a month. Legal representatives are not expressed as a refusal to ratify. Before the contract is ratified, the relative good people the right to withdraw. Notice of revocation should be made.
        Article forty-eighth did not act the right agent, beyond the right agent or proxy to be after the termination of the contract entered into on behalf of an agent, without ratification by the agent, the agent does not occur on the effectiveness of the responsibility by the perpetrator.
       催告relative who can be an agent shall be ratified in a month. Was not expressed by agents as a refusal to ratify. Before the contract is ratified, the relative good people the right to withdraw. Notice of revocation should be made.
        Not be acts of the 49th proxy, proxy, or beyond the termination of the Proxy to be an agent on behalf of the conclusion of the contract, the relative behavior of people who have reason to believe that there is the right agent, the agent acts effectively.
        50th Article of legal persons or other organizations, the legal representative, person in charge of ultra vires contract, with the exception of the relative who know or should have known outside of its ultra vires, the act effectively on behalf of.
       第五十一条no disciplinary powers of the person and property of others, or ratified by the people the right to free disposition of the person to enter into a contract after the disposition of, the contract effectively.
        Second article, one of the following circumstances, the contract null and void:
        (A) a party to fraud, coercion to enter into contracts, damage t
        (B) malicious collusion to harm the state, collectives or the intere
        (C) the legal form in order to cover up
        (D) damage
        (E) in violation of laws and administrative regulations of mandatory requirements.
        Fifty-third article of the contract null and void the following disclaimer:
        (A) personal injury cause
        (B) gross negligence or intentional damage to property caused by the other side of.
        Fourth article the following contracts, a party the right to request to change the people's court or arbitration body, or revocation of:
        (A) made a ma
        (B) in the formation of contracts of unconscionability.
        Party to fraud, or coercion on others' insecurity, so that the true meaning of the other party in breach of contract cases, the injured party the right to request to change the people's court or arbitration body or repealed.
        Request to change the parties, the people's court or arbitration body shall not be revoked.
        Article Fifty-one of the following cases, the elimination of avoidance:
        (A) the parties have withdrawn from the right to know or should know the date of revocation of the subject within one year does not exercise t
        (B) revoke the right to have the parties know that after the revocation of the subject made it clear that their actions or to give up the right to withdraw.
        56th article of the contract is invalid or revoked from the beginning of the contract are not legally binding. Part of the contract null and void, does not affect the effectiveness of other parts, other parts remain valid.
        Article 57th contract null and void, revoked or terminated, the contract does not affect the independent existence of the dispute resolution provisions of the effectiveness of methods.
        Fifty-eighth article or revoke the contract null and void after-acquired property of the contract an can not return or there is no need to return, compensation should be discounted. The party at fault shall compensate each other, therefore the losses incurred by both sides at fault and should bear their respective responsibilities.
        Collusion of malicious parties at its fifty-ninth article, damage the state, collectives or the interests of a third person, so get all of the property would revert to the State or the return of the collective, the third person.
        Chapter IV of the performance of the contract
        Parties shall be in accordance with the 60th overall agreement to meet their obligations.
        The parties should be guided by the principle of good faith, according to the nature of the contract, used to carry out the purpose and notice of the transaction, assistance, confidentiality and other obligations.
        After the entry into force第六十一条contract, the parties on the quality, price or remuneration, there is no place to fulfill an agreement or an agreement is not clear, can be the supplemental agreement is not reached, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the contract or transaction to identify habits.
        Sixty-second article of the contract the parties agreed on is not clear,第六十一条in accordance with the provisions of this Act can not be identified, the following provisions apply:
        (A) the quality requirements are not clear, according to national standards, fulfil no national standards, industry standards, in accordance with the normal standard in conformity with the contract or the purpose of fulfilling specific criteria.
        (B) price or remuneration is not clear, the conclusion of the contract in accordance with the performance to fulf the government pricing should be implemented in accordance with the law or government指导价and perform in accordance with the regulations.
        (C) the place of performance is not clear, payment currency, the monetary side in the l delivery of real estate, real estate is loca other subject, in one location to fulfill their obligations.
        (D) To fulfill the period of uncertainty, the debtor can discharge, the creditors can also request to fulfill, but should be given the necessary time to prepare the other side.
        (E) carry out a clear way, according to the achievement of the purpose of discharging the contract.
        (Vi) to fulfill the burden of the cost of uncertainty, the burden from one party to fulfill their obligations.
        The implementation of the Government of the 63rd Article指导价pricing or government in the delivery of contractual price adjustment period when the Government, in accordance with the delivery price at the time of pricing. Late delivery of the subject matter, and when prices increase, the price according to the ori prices fall, according to the implementation of the new price. Extraction of the subject matter of late payment or late, when prices, in accordance with the implementat prices fall, according to the implementation of the original price.
        The parties have agreed that the 64th article from the debtor to a third person to perform their obligations, the debtor has failed to fulfill obligations to third parties to perform their obligations or do not meet agreed by the parties, should bear the liability for breach of contract to the creditor.
        The parties have agreed that the 65th article from the third person to perform their obligations to creditors, non-performance of third party debt or performance of an obligation inconsistent with the agreement, the debtor should bear the liability for breach of contract to the creditor.
        66th inter-party liability rules, there is no fulfillment of the order of succession should be at the same time to fulfill. Before discharge in the other party the right to refuse to fulfill its requirements. Side in each other's performance of an obligation inconsistent with the agreement, the right to refuse to fulfill the corresponding requirements.
        67th inter-party liability rules, it has to fulfill the order, failing to carry out party, and after the performance of either party the right to refuse to fulfill its requirements. To fulfill the debt is not a party to perform in line with the agreement, after the performance of either party the right to refuse to fulfill the corresponding requirements.
        68th should be the first person to perform their obligations, there are definite evidence that the other side, one of the following situations, you can suspend the performance of:
        (A) serious deterioration of
        (B) the transfer of property, capital flight in
        (C) loss of
        (D) the loss or potential loss of ability to perform their obligations in other cases.
        No definite evidence of the parties to suspension of performance shall bear liability for breach of contract.
        Article 69th Article 68th party in accordance with the provisions of this Act to suspension of performance should be notified each other in a timely manner. When the other party to provide appropriate security, it should be the resumption of performance. After the suspension of performance, they are not in a reasonable period of time and did not resume the ability to provide appropriate security, to suspend the performance of the party can terminate the contract.
        Separation of the 70th Article of creditors, the merger or change without prior notice to the debtor's home, resulting in difficulties to fulfill the debt, the debtor may discharge or suspend the subject matter of movements.
       第七十一条creditors the debtor may refuse to perform their obligations in advance, but without prejudice to discharge in advance the interests of creditors other than the.
        The debtor to fulfill the debt to the creditor in advance to increase the cost burden from the debtor.
        Article seventy-second part of creditors, the debtor may refuse to discharge the debt, but some carry out without prejudice to the interests of creditors other than the.
        Partial fulfillment of the debtor's debt to the creditor to increase the cost burden from the debtor.
        Article seventy-debtor claims just an effect of the exercise of its maturity, to cause harm to creditors, creditors can request the People's Court on behalf of their subrogation claims of the debtor, the creditor's rights belong to the debtor other than their own.
        The exercise of the right of subrogation to the creditor's claim scope is limited. The subrogation right of creditors to exercise the necessary costs, the burden from the debtor.
        Article 74th due the debtor to give up their claims or free transfer of property, causing damage to creditors, creditors may request the People's Court revoked the acts of the debtor. The debtor is obviously unreasonable to low-cost transfer of property, damage to the creditors and the assignee knew of the situation, creditors may also ask the people's court revoke the debtor's acts.
        Revocation of the right to exercise the scope of the claims of creditors are limited. Creditors to exercise the right to withdraw the necessary costs, the burden from the debtor.
        The right to remove the 75th since the creditor knows or should know the subject revocation of one year from the date of exercise. Since the debtor's acts occurred within five years from the date it does not exercise the right to revoke, the revocation of the right to eradication.
        After the entry into force of Article 76th contract, the parties shall not name, name change or the legal representative, responsible person, the contractor's failure to perform contractual obligations change.
        Chapter V of the change and transfer of contracts
       第七十七条party consensus, can change the contract.
        Laws and administrative regulations should apply for approval to change the contract, registration and other formalities, in accordance with its provisions.
        78th article of the contract the parties agreed to change the contents of uncertainty, presumed to be unchanged.
        Article 79th creditors can contract the right to transfer all or part of a third person, but one of the following situations except:
        (A) the nature of the contract shall
        (B) The parties have agreed shall
        (C) in accordance with the law shall not be transferable.
        Transfer of the rights of creditors of the 80th article, it shall notify the debtor. Without notice, the transfer has no effect on the debtor.
        Notice of transfer of the rights of creditors shall not be revoked, but except for the consent of the assignee.
       第八十一条the transfer of the rights of creditors, the assignee and the claims made from the right, but the exclusive rights of creditors other than their own.
        82nd article claims the debtor received notification of the assignment, the debtor's defense of the grantor, you can claim against the assignee.
        Article 83rd claims received notification of the assignment, the debtor, the debtor claims to enjoy the grantor and the debtor's creditors before the transfer of the debt due or due at the same time, the debtor may claim set-off against the assignee.
        84th will be the debtor's obligations under the contract in whole or in part transferred to the third person, it should be agreed by the creditors.
       第八十五条obligations of the debtor transferred, the new debtor may claim the original creditor of the debtor's defenses.
        86th Article of the debtor's obligation to transfer, the new debtor should bear the main debt-related from the debt, but the debt from the debtor the exclusive preserve of the original except its own.
        87th piece of legislation and administrative regulations in the transfer of rights or obligations should apply for approval for the transfer, registration and other formalities, in accordance with its provisions.
        Article 88th party agreed to by the other party may be in the contract their rights and obligations be transferred to third parties.
        Article 89th together with the transfer of rights and obligations of this law are applicable to the 79th, the 83rd第八十一条to be第八十五条to the provisions of Article 87th.
        90th after the conclusion of the contract the parties be combined by the merger of legal persons and other organizations the right to exercise the contract, its obligations under the contract. Separation of the parties after the conclusion of the contract, except otherwise agreed by the creditors and debtors of the outside, by the separation of legal persons and other organizations on contractual rights and obligations of the enjoyment of several claims Gesamtschuld commitment.
        Chapter VI of the rights and obligations of the contract termination
        Article Ninety-one of the following cases, the termination of the rights and obligations of the contract:
        (A) the debt has to fulfill in accordanc
        (B) the lif
        (C) de
        (D) the debtor will be the subject of deposit in acc
        (E) credi
        (Vi) debt claims attr
        (Vii) the parties have agreed that the law or other circumstances of termination.
        Chosen to terminate the rights and obligations of the contract, the parties should be guided by the principle of good faith, used to carry out notification in accordance with the transaction, assistance, confidentiality and other obligations.
        Article party consensus, can terminate the contract.
        Side parties may agree to terminate the contract conditions. The achievements of the conditions to terminate the contract, can cancel the contract解除权.
        Article 94th of the following circumstances, the parties may terminate the contract:
        (A) the contract can not be achieved due to the result that the purp
        (B) in the performance of the expiration of the period before the party made it clear that his behavior or that it does not
        (C) a party to delay implementation of the main debt, after a reasonable period of time after催告hav
        (D) a party to delay implementation of the debt or any other violation of the contract can not be achieved the
        (E) other circumstances stipulated by law.
        Be the 95th or the parties have agreed that the law解除权exercise period, the expiration of the period of the parties not to exercise the right to eradication.
        The law does not require the parties have not agreed or解除权exercise period, after催告by the other party a reasonable period of time not to exercise, the elimination of the right.
        Article 96th party 93rd article in accordance with this law, the provisions of Article 94th to terminate the contract that should inform the other party. Since the arrival of the contract to inform each other when lifting. Is disputed by the other party may request the people's court or arbitration body to confirm the validity of rescission.
        Laws and administrative regulations should apply for approval to terminate the contract, registration and other formalities, in accordance with its provisions.
        After the lifting of Article contract has not been carried out to ter has been performed, according to the nature of the implementation of the contract, the parties may request restitution and take other remedial measures, and the right to ask for damages.
        98th Article of the rights and obligations of the termination of the contract, the contract does not affect the terms of settlement and the effectiveness of clean-up.
        Negative第九十九条debts among the parties, the subject matter of the types of debt, the quality of the same, any party can be its own debt and the debt offset each other, but in accordance with the law or the nature of the contract shall not be offset in accordance with the exception of.
        Offset by the parties that should inform the other party. Since the arrival of the other party when notice of the entry into force. Offset shall not be conditional or time limit attached.
        Article 100th liability among the parties, the subject matter of the type, quality is not the same, by mutual consensus, can also be offset.
        Article 1 of the following situations, it is difficult to perform their obligations, the debtor may be subject matter of movements:
        (A) unjustified refusal to take d
        (B)
        (C) undetermined heirs or creditors of the death of the loss of capacity for civil conduct u
        (D) other circumstances stipulated by law.
        Subject matter not suitable for holding or holding costs, and the debtor in accordance with the law can be the subject of the auction or sale, the proceeds of the price movements.
        The subject matter of Article 2 after the picture of the movements, with the exception of missing the creditor, the debtor shall promptly notify the creditor or the creditor's heirs, guardians.
        The subject matter of Article three movements, the destruction, the risk of loss borne by the creditors. Holding period, the yield to the subject matter of all creditors. Expense of the creditors holding the burden.
        Article 4 of creditors holding at any time to receive, but the creditor has a debt of the debtor and the creditor is not in debt or provide guarantees to fulfill before holding departments should be in accordance with the requirements of the debtor to refuse to receive material movements.
        Creditors holding the rights to receive, since the holding five years from the date of the exercise is not eliminated, the cost picture of the movements were deducted after the deposit to the state.
        Article 5 of creditors from the debtor of some or all of the debt, the rights and obligations of the contract some or all of the termination.
        Article 6 claims and liabilities attributable to a person with, the rights and obligations of the contract termination, but the interests of a third person involved, except.
        Chapter VII Liability
        Article 7 is not a party to fulfill its obligations under the contract or agreement do not meet contractual obligations, and should take to continue to carry out, or take remedial measures, such as liability for breach of contract damages.
        Article 8, or a party made it clear that their actions in order to show that its obligations under the contract, the other can be requested before the expiration of the period to fulfill its commitment to liability for breach of contract.
        Article 9 is not a party to pay the price or remuneration, the other party may require payment of the price or remuneration.
        Article is not a party or non-monetary obligations to fulfill the performance of non-monetary obligations inconsistent with the agreement, the other party may request to fulfill, but one of the following situations except:
        (A) the legal or de fac
        (B) the subject of debt unfit to fulfill the cost of per
        (C) a reasonable period of time the creditor is not required to perform.
        Quality in line with the 111th article of the agreement, the agreement should be in accordance with the parties to bear liability for breach of contract. There is no agreement on liability for breach of contract or agreement is not clear,第六十一条in accordance with the provisions of this Act can not be identified, the injured party in accordance with the nature of the subject, as well as the size of losses, it is reasonable to assume the other party the option of requesting repair, replace, redo, retired goods, reduce the price or remuneration, such as liability for breach of contract.
        Article 112th party to its obligations under the contract or not in conformity with its obligations under the contract agreement, or in fulfilling their obligations to take remedial measures, the other side there are other losses, damages should be.
        Article 113th party to its obligations under the contract or not in conformity with its obligations under the contract agreed by the parties, to the other losses, and damages for breach of contract should be equal to the losses caused by, including the performance of the contract after the interests of access, but no more than breach of contract when a party to a contract should be foreseen or foreseeable result of a breach of contract may result in losses.
        Operators to provide consumers with goods or services fraud, in accordance with the &People's Republic of China Consumer Protection Law,& to assume responsibility for damages.
        114th party to the agreement the parties may be breach of contract should be based on breach of contract to the other party to pay a certain amount of liquidated damages can be agreed damages for breach of contract resulting from the calculation of the amount.
        Lower than the agreed liquidated damages for loss caused by, the parties may request the people's court or arbitration the agreed liquidated damages for loss caused by too much higher than that, the parties may request the people's court or arbitration body to be reduced appropriately.
        The parties to fulfill a contractual breach on the delay in payment, breach of contract after the payment of liquidated damages, it should be default.
        Be the 115th person in accordance with the &People's Republic of China Guarantee Law,& the other side agreed to pay a deposit as security claims. The debtor defaults, the deposit should be for the purchase price or withdraw arrived. To pay a deposit of one party does not fulfill a contractual debt, and the right to request the r receive a party to the deposit of non-performing debt agreement, it should be double the return of the deposit.
        Article 116th both parties agreed liquidated damages, and the deposit agreement, a party defaults, the other party may choose to apply the provisions of liquidated damages or earnest money.
        Can not be the 117th performance of the contract due to force majeure, according to the impact of force majeure, some or all of exemption from responsibility, but except as otherwise provided in law. Delay performance of the parties after the event of force majeure, and is not relieved of responsibility.
        This alleged force majeure is not foreseeable, can not avoid the objective situation can not overcome.
        Article 118th party is unable to perform the contract due to force majeure, it shall promptly notify the other party in order to reduce possible losses caused to the other side, and should provide a reasonable period of time.
        Article 119th party after default, the other party should take appropriate measures to prevent the e did not take appropriate measures to expand resulting in the loss, and shall not seek compensation for the loss of the expansion.
        To prevent the loss of clients due to the expansion of the reasonable costs incurred by the default party.
        Article 120th breach of contract, both parties should assume their responsibilities.
        Article 121st third party who caused the breach of contract and breach of contract should bear the responsibility to each other. And third-party dispute between, in accordance with the law or in accordance with the agreed solution.
        Article 122nd breach a party against the other person, property rights and interests, the injured party the right to choose in accordance with this law require or assume liability for breach of contract in accordance with other legal requirements of their commitment to tort liability.
        Other provisions of Chapter VIII
        Article one hundred and twenty other laws as otherwise provided in the contract, in accordance with its provisions.
        124th Article of this Law or other laws, sub-there is no express provision of the contract, the provisions of this Law shall apply general principles, and can refer to this sub-rule or the most similar to other legal requirements.
        Be the 125th person on the understanding of the terms of the contract dispute, it should be used in accordance with the contract terms, the relevant provisions of the contract, the purpose of the contract, trading habits, as well as the principle of good faith to determine the true meaning of the clause.
        The use of two or more contracts entered into and the agreed text has the same effect on the text used in the meaning of words and phrases have the same presumption. Words and phrases used in the text are inconsistent and should be in accordance with the purpose of contract interpretation.
        126th article of foreign-related contract may choose to deal with contractual disputes, the applicable law, but except as otherwise provided in law. Foreign-related contracts the parties have no choice, and apply the most closely linked to the contract law of the country.
        In the People's Republic of China Sino-foreign joint ventures to fulfill the contract, contract Chinese-foreign cooperative enterprises, Sino-foreign cooperative exploration and development of natural resources contracts, applicable laws.
        Article 127th of industrial and commercial administration departments and other relevant administrative departments in their respective mandates, in accordance with the law and administrative regulations on the use of contract against the national interests, social public interests of the offense, responsible for overs constitute crime, be held criminally responsible.
        Be the 128th person through reconciliation or mediation to resolve contract disputes.
       Chapter XIII lease contract
        Article 212th lessor will lease contract is the delivery of tenant leasehold use, revenue, contract the lessee to pay rent.
        213th article of the lease contract will include the name of leasehold, quantity, use, lease, rent and payment terms and the way the terms of the lease and maintenance materials.
        Article 214th lease period must not exceed two decades. For more than two decades, more than some invalid.
        The expiration of the lease period, the parties may renew the lease contract, but agreed to renew the lease period from the date of no more than two decades.
        215th article of the lease period of more than six months, it should be in writing. The parties have not adopted a written form, as from time to time lease.
        216th article should be in accordance with the agreement the lessor to the lessee leasehold delivery and maintain the lease during the lease agreement in line with the use of materials.
        Lessee of the 217th Article of the method should be used in accordance with the agreed leasehold. On the use of leasehold agreement or no agreement is not clear, in accordance with the provisions of this Act第六十一条can not be identified, it should be in accordance with the nature of the use of leasehold.
        218th Article of the lessee in accordance with the agreed method or the nature of the use of leasehold leasehold, with the result that by the loss of a leasehold does not assume liability for damage.
        219th article of the agreement the lessee is not in accordance with the method or the nature of the use of leasehold leasehold, resulting in loss of lease, the lessor may terminate the contract and for damages.
        Article 220th lessor shall carry out the maintenance of leasehold obligations, except otherwise agreed by the parties.
        Article 221st lessees were in need of repair in the lease when the lessor may require maintenance of a reasonable period of time. Did not perform the maintenance obligations of the lessor and the lessee can repair, maintenance costs, the burden from the lessor. The impact of lease structures for maintenance of the lessee to use, it should be a corresponding reduction in rent or to extend the lease term.
        Article 222nd lease the lessee should be kept under safe custody matter, the leasehold保管不善damage caused, the loss should bear the liability for damages.
        Article 223rd lessee by the lessor agreed to make improvements to the leasehold or additional他物.
        The lessee without the lessor's consent, to leasehold improvements or additional他物, the lessor may require the lessee or restitution for damages.
        Article 224th lessee agreed to by the lessor, the lease may be sublet to a third party objects. Sublease of the lessee, the lessee and lessor of the lease contract between the continue to be valid, a third loss of the leasehold, the lessee should be liable for damages.
        Sublet without the consent of the lessee of the lessor, the lessor may terminate the contract.
        During the 225th article in the lease because of the possession, use of lease proceeds were received, to the lessee, but, except otherwise agreed by the parties.
        The lessee shall, in accordance with the 226th article of the period agreed to pay rent. There is no agreement on the payment period or agreement is not clear, in accordance with the provisions of this Act第六十一条still not sure, leasing period of less than one year should be paid upon the expiry more than one year lease period, it should be in each of the expiration of a year to pay the remaining period of less than one year should be paid upon the expiry of the lease period.
        Article 227th lessee or unjustified delay in payment of unpaid rent, the lessor may require the lessee to pay a reasonable period of time. Failure of the lessee to pay, the lessor may terminate the contract.
        Article 228th advocate the rights of third parties, resulting in complex lease the lessee can not use the proceeds of the lessee may be required to reduce non-payment of rent or rent.
        Advocate the rights of a third person, the lessee shall promptly notify the lessor.
        Article 229th leasehold ownership in the lease during the changes will not affect the validity of the lease contract.
        Article 230th betrayed lessor of rental housing should be sold out within a reasonable time period before the notice of the lessee, the lessee to enjoy the same conditions to give priority to the purchase rights.
        231st article can not be attributable to the lessee because of the subject, with the result that some or all of leasehold damage, loss and the lessee may be required to reduce non-pay due to lease some or all of material damage, loss, which can not be to achieve the purpose of the contract, the lessee can cancel the contract.
        Article 232nd period the parties have not agreed on the lease or agreement is not clear,第六十一条in accordance with the provisions of this Act can not be determined from time to time as a lease. The parties may terminate the contract at any time, but the lessor to terminate the contract should be notified in a reasonable period of time prior to the lessee.
        233rd article of the lease the lessee endanger safety or health, even when the lessee entered into the contract knowing that the quality of the leasehold failed, the lessee can cancel the contract at any time.
        Article 234th rental period the lessee's death, instead of his people can live together in accordance with the lease of the housing原租赁合同.
        Article 235th lease the expiration of the period, the lessee should be the return of leasehold. The return of materials should be in accordance with the lease agreement or lease in accordance with the nature of the state after use.
        Article 236th lease the expiration of the period, the lessee continue to use the leasehold, the lessor has raised no objection, the原租赁合同remain in force from time to time but the period of the lease.
        Chapter XIV finance lease contracts
        Article 237th finance lease contract is the lessee of the lessor in accordance with the seller, lease options, lease to purchase the seller to provide to the lessee the use of the contract the lessee to pay rent.
        Article 238th finance lease contracts include the leasehold title, quantity, specification, technical performance, test methods, lease period, rent and its duration and manner of payment, currency, expiry of lease period the ownership of objects, such as lease terms .
        Financial lease contract shall be in writing.
        Lessee of the lessor under the 239th Article of the seller, lease options were entered into a contract for the sale, the seller should be in accordance with the agreed upon delivery to the subject matter of the lessee, the lessee to enjoy the subject matter and the receipt of the buyer rights.
        Article 240th lessor, the seller, the lessee may agree, the seller does not fulfill obligations under a contract for the sale by the lessee to exercise the right to claim. Claims to exercise the rights of the lessee, the lessor should assist.
        Article 241st lessee to the lessor in accordance with the seller, lease options were entered into a contract for the sale, the lessee without the consent of the lessor and the lessee shall not change the contents of the contract.
        Article 242nd lessor of a leasehold title to enjoy. Bankruptcy of the lessee, leasehold property does not belong to bankruptcy.
        243rd article of finance lease rental contract, with the exception of the outside otherwise agreed by the parties, shall, in accordance with the purchase of leasehold costs, as well as most or all of the lessor to determine a reasonable profit.
        Article 244th lease agreement were not in conformity with the purpose of or inconsistent with the use of, the lessor is not liable, but the lessee to rely on the skills of the lessor or the lessor to determine leasehold leasehold intervention except selection.
        The lessor should ensure that the 245th article of the lease the lessee possession and use of materials.
        Article 246th leasehold possession of the lessee, the lease under which the third person's personal injury or property damage, the lessor is not liable.
        247th lessee should be kept under safe custody, the use of leasehold.
        Possession of the lessee shall carry out the repairs during the lease obligations.
        248th article should be in accordance with the agreement the lessee to pay rent.催告by the lessee after a reasonable period of time not to pay rent, the lessor may be required
can also cancel the contract, to recover the leasehold.
        Article 249th period the parties have agreed that the expiration of the lease to the lessee of all leasehold, the lessee has paid most of the rent, but can not afford to pay the remaining rent, the lessor to terminate the contract, therefore objects to re