This week in our series, we finish the story of the first thirteen American colonies.
We’ll tell about how the southern colonies developed.
Among the southern colonies, the northernmost was Maryland.
The king of England, Charles the First, gave the land between Virginia and Pennsylvania to George Calvert in sixteen thirty-two.
George Calvert was also known as Lord Baltimore.
He wanted to start a colony with greater religious freedoms than existed in England.
Calvert was Roman Catholic.Catholics could not openly observe their religion in England.
They also had to pay money to the government because they did not belong to the Anglican Church, the Church of England.
George Calvert never saw the colony that was named Maryland.
He died soon after he received the documents giving him the land.
The land went to his son Cecil Calvert, who became the next Lord Baltimore.
He had the power to collect taxes, fight wars, make laws and create courts in Maryland.
Cecil named his brother Leonard as the colony’s first governor.
Cecil Calvert believed that English Catholics could live in peace in Maryland alongside Protestants.
So he urged Catholics in England to move there.
To get more settlers, he allowed people to own farms and gave them some power in local politics.
Some Catholics did go to Maryland, but not as many as he hoped.
Protestants were in the majority.In sixteen forty-nine, Lord Baltimore accepted a Toleration Act passed by the local government.
It guaranteed freedom of religion, but only for Christians.
King Charles the Second gave away more land in America in sixteen sixty-three.
He gave eight English lords the territory known as Carolina.
It extended south from Virginia into Florida, an area controlled by Spain.
Spain also claimed the southern part of Carolina.
Spanish, French and English settlers had tried earlier to populate the area.
The eight new owners promised forty hectares of land to anyone who would go to Carolina to live.
They also promised religious freedom.
The first successful Carolina settlers left England in sixteen seventy.
They built a town in an area where two rivers met.
They called it Charles Town, for King Charles.
Spanish ships attacked the port city many times, but the settlers defended their land.
The settlers planted all kinds of crops to see what would grow best.
They found that rice was just right for the hot, humid conditions.
Also, their cattle and pigs did so well that the Carolina settlers started selling meat to the West Indies.
Many of Charles Town’s settlers came from Barbados, a port used in the West Indies slave trade.
The settlers began buying black slaves to help grow the rice.
By seventeen eight, more blacks than whites lived in the southern part of Carolina.
The success of the farming economy depended on slave labor.
The northern part of the Carolina colony grew much more slowly than the southern part.
Many settlers in the northern part were from neighboring Virginia.
Some had left Virginia because people who disagreed with the Anglican Church were not welcome there.
Historians say the area that became North Carolina may have been the most democratic of all the colonies.
The people generally did not interfere in each other’s lives.
Together, they faced a common enemy:the pirates who made the North Carolina coast their home base.
In sixteen seventy-seven, some of the people in the northern part of the Carolina territory rebelled against England.
They did not like England’s Navigation Acts.
These laws forced people in Carolina to pay taxes to England on goods sold to other colonies.
Some northern Carolina settlers refused to pay this tax.
These independent thinkers even set up their own government and tried to break free of England.
But the English soldiers in the colonies stopped the rebellion by arresting its leader.
There were growing differences between the people of northern Carolina and southern Carolina.
Finally the owners of the colony divided it in seventeen twelve, forming what would become the states of North Carolina and South Carolina.
The last English colony founded in the New World was Georgia.
It was established in seventeen thirty-two, under King George the Second.
Georgia was the idea of a man named James Oglethorpe.
He wanted to solve a problem in England involving a growing number of people who could not repay their debts.
At that time, debtors were put in prison.
This made it impossible for them to earn the money they needed to get out of debt.
Oglethorpe wanted to create a colony where debtors could go instead of going to prison.
He wanted it to be a place where people could have good lives while they worked to earn money.
But not many debtors wanted to go to Georgia.
The people who did settle there were much like the people in the other colonies.
They did not agree with all of Oglethorpe’s ideas.
They wanted to do things he did not believe were right, like drinking alcohol and owning slaves.
In the end the settlers won.They rejected Oglethorpe’s ideas about how they should live.
Life was not easy in Georgia.Spaniards and pirates captured ships along the coast.
Spain controlled Florida and also claimed Georgia and the Carolinas.
Border fights were common.Oglethorpe lost all his money trying to establish Georgia.
King George took control of the colony in seventeen fifty-two.
As new colonies were being established nearby, the colony of Virginia was growing.
A way of life was developing there that was very different from that of the North.
Most people in Virginia at this time were members of the Church of England.
Religion was not as important a part of their lives as it was to the people in the North.
In the New England colonies, members of the clergy were considered the most important.
In the southern colonies, rich land owners were the more important.
People in Virginia did not live in towns, as people did in Massachusetts.
They lived along rivers on small farms or on large farms called plantations.
Being located on a river made it easy to export goods by ship.
Virginians were sending large amounts of tobacco to England.
It was the crop that earned them the most money.
But growing tobacco breaks down the soil.
After a few years, nothing grew well on land that was planted with tobacco.
The farmers had to stop planting anything on the land every few years.
That meant they needed a lot of land.They also needed a large work force.
So tobacco farmers in Virginia began to buy land -- and workers.
At first, they bought the services of indentured servants, poor people who had no money or jobs.
These indentured servants agreed to work for a farmer for a period of four to seven years.
After that they were free to work for themselves.
In sixteen nineteen, a Dutch ship brought a group of Africans to Jamestown.
They had been kidnapped from their homes by African traders and sold to the ship’s captain.
He sold them to the Virginia settlers.
These first Africans may have been treated like indentured servants.
Later, however, colonists decided to keep them as slaves so they would not have to continue paying for workers.
Slowly, laws were approved in Virginia that made it legal to keep black people as slaves.
By seventeen fifty, there were more Africans in Virginia than any other group.
Indians did not make good slaves because they could run away.
The slaves from Africa could not.They had no place to go.
Slavery in the South affected the course of American history.
It divided the people and led to a civil war that nearly tore the nation apart.
Slavery in the South will be our story next week.
建国史话：殖民地向南部扩展
Making of a Nation: Southern Expansion
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双击原文单词查看解释
From VOA Learning English, this is The Making of a Nation – American history in Special English.I’m Steve Ember.
这里是美国之音慢速英语建国史话栏目，我们将为大家讲述美国历史。我是Steve Ember。
This week in our series, we finish the story of the first thirteen American colonies.We’ll tell about how the southern colonies developed.
在本周节目中，我们将为大家讲述北美最初的13个殖民地的故事。我们还来谈谈如何扩展南部殖民地。
Among the southern colonies, the northernmost was Maryland.The king of England, Charles the First, gave the land between Virginia and Pennsylvania to George Calvert in sixteen thirty-two.George Calvert was also known as Lord Baltimore.He wanted to start a colony with greater religious freedoms than existed in England.Calvert was Roman Catholic.Catholics could not openly observe their religion in England.They also had to pay money to the government because they did not belong to the Anglican Church, the Church of England.
在南部殖民地中，最北端是马里兰州。1632年，英国国王查理一世将介于弗吉尼亚州和宾夕法尼亚州之间的土地赐给了George Calvert。George Calvert也被称为巴尔的摩勋爵。他希望建立一个殖民地，在这里比英国具有更大程度的宗教自由。Calvert信奉天主教。那时，天主教在英国不能公开信教。且由于他们不属于英国圣公会，所以不得不向政府交钱。
George Calvert never saw the colony that was named Maryland.He died soon after he received the documents giving him the land.The land went to his son Cecil Calvert, who became the next Lord Baltimore.He had the power to collect taxes, fight wars, make laws and create courts in Maryland.Cecil named his brother Leonard as the colony’s first governor.
George Calvert从未亲眼目睹殖民地马里兰的形成。他收到赐地文件后不久就去世了。他的儿子Cecil Calvert继承了巴尔的摩勋爵的职位和土地。他拥有在马里兰征税，打仗，制定法律，建立法庭的权利。他还任命他的兄弟Leonard为殖民地的第一任总督。
Cecil Calvert believed that English Catholics could live in peace in Maryland alongside Protestants.So he urged Catholics in England to move there.To get more settlers, he allowed people to own farms and gave them some power in local politics.Some Catholics did go to Maryland, but not as many as he hoped.Protestants were in the majority.In sixteen forty-nine, Lord Baltimore accepted a Toleration Act passed by the local government.It guaranteed freedom of religion, but only for Christians.
Cecil Calvert认为英国天主教徒在马里兰州能和新教徒和睦相处。因此，他呼吁英国的天主教徒去马里兰。为了获得更多的定居者，他还让定居者拥有自己的农场，并在地方政治中赋予他们一些权力。一些天主教徒确实移民马里兰州，但没有他预想中那么多。新教徒占马里兰大部分人口。1649年，巴尔的摩勋爵接受了由当地政府通过的“宽容法案”。保障宗教自由，但仅适用于基督徒。
King Charles the Second gave away more land in America in sixteen sixty-three.He gave eight English lords the territory known as Carolina.It extended south from Virginia into Florida, an area controlled by Spain.Spain also claimed the southern part of Carolina.
1663年，英国国王查理二世又将美国大片土地进行分发。他将这片被称为卡罗莱纳的土地赐给了英国的八位勋爵。这片土地向南从弗吉尼亚州延伸到佛罗里达州，由西班牙管辖。同时西班牙还声称控制着卡罗莱纳州南部的土地。
Spanish, French and English settlers had tried earlier to populate the area.The eight new owners promised forty hectares of land to anyone who would go to Carolina to live.They also promised religious freedom.The first successful Carolina settlers left England in sixteen seventy.They built a town in an area where two rivers met.They called it Charles Town, for King Charles.Spanish ships attacked the port city many times, but the settlers defended their land.
西班牙，法国和英国之前就试图在那里定居。八位英国勋爵承诺为凡移民到卡罗莱纳的定居者拨地40公顷。他们还承诺定居者宗教自由。1670年，卡罗莱纳的第一批英国定居者来到这里。他们在两河交汇处建立了一个小镇。并以国王的名字查尔斯命名。西班牙船只多次袭击这个小镇，但定居者捍卫了他们的土地。
The settlers planted all kinds of crops to see what would grow best.They found that rice was just right for the hot, humid conditions.Also, their cattle and pigs did so well that the Carolina settlers started selling meat to the West Indies.Many of Charles Town’s settlers came from Barbados, a port used in the West Indies slave trade.The settlers began buying black slaves to help grow the rice.By seventeen eight, more blacks than whites lived in the southern part of Carolina.The success of the farming economy depended on slave labor.
定居者种植了各类作物，用于观察这里最适宜哪类作物的生长。结果他们发现炎热潮湿的条件最适合种植水稻。此外，他们还养殖了牛和猪，并开始向印度群岛售卖猪肉和牛肉。查尔斯镇的许多居民都来自巴巴多斯，这是西印度群岛进行奴隶交易的城市。定居者开始购买黑奴，用于种植水稻的劳动力。1708年，卡罗来纳南部的黑人人数远远超过了白人。农耕经济取得的成功依赖于黑奴的劳动力。
The northern part of the Carolina colony grew much more slowly than the southern part.Many settlers in the northern part were from neighboring Virginia.Some had left Virginia because people who disagreed with the Anglican Church were not welcome there.
卡罗来纳州北部比南部发展缓慢。这里许多定居者是从北部的弗吉尼亚搬来的。他们由于不接受圣公会，在那里不受欢迎，因此离开弗吉尼亚来到这里。
Historians say the area that became North Carolina may have been the most democratic of all the colonies.The people generally did not interfere in each other’s lives.Together, they faced a common enemy:the pirates who made the North Carolina coast their home base.
历史学家称，后来成为北卡罗莱纳州的地方可能是所有殖民地中最民主的。人们互不干预对方的生活。他们面一起对付共同的敌人：聚集在北卡罗莱纳州沿海一带的海盗。
In sixteen seventy-seven, some of the people in the northern part of the Carolina territory rebelled against England.They did not like England’s Navigation Acts.These laws forced people in Carolina to pay taxes to England on goods sold to other colonies.Some northern Carolina settlers refused to pay this tax.These independent thinkers even set up their own government and tried to break free of England.But the English soldiers in the colonies stopped the rebellion by arresting its leader.
1677年，卡罗莱纳北部的一些居民反对英国。他们不赞成英国的《航海法》。这项法律规定卡罗莱纳居民向其他殖民地出售商品时，必须向英国纳税。卡罗莱纳北部的一些居民拒不纳税。这些独立思考者甚至建立了自己的政府，要和英国决裂。但英方发动士兵逮捕他们的领导者，从而终止了叛乱。
There were growing differences between the people of northern Carolina and southern Carolina.Finally the owners of the colony divided it in seventeen twelve, forming what would become the states of North Carolina and South Carolina.
卡罗莱纳南北地区居民的分歧越来越大。1712年，殖民地主讲该地一分为二，分为卡罗莱纳北部和卡罗莱纳南部。
The last English colony founded in the New World was Georgia.It was established in seventeen thirty-two, under King George the Second.Georgia was the idea of a man named James Oglethorpe.He wanted to solve a problem in England involving a growing number of people who could not repay their debts.At that time, debtors were put in prison.This made it impossible for them to earn the money they needed to get out of debt.
乔治亚是英国在美国的最后一块殖民地。它由英国国王乔治二世于17 32年建立。建立乔治亚的想法由一个名为James Oglethorpe的人提出。他想要通过此来解决这样一个问题：在英国很多人们无法偿还债务。当时，这样的人要被遣送监狱。这使得他们更不可能通过赚钱来偿还债务了。
Oglethorpe wanted to create a colony where debtors could go instead of going to prison.He wanted it to be a place where people could have good lives while they worked to earn money.But not many debtors wanted to go to Georgia.
Oglethorpe想要建立一个殖民地，将负债的人们遣送到那里，而不是监狱。他希望人们在这里可以很好的生活，通过劳动赚钱。然而，很多负债人都不愿去乔治亚。
The people who did settle there were much like the people in the other colonies.They did not agree with all of Oglethorpe’s ideas.They wanted to do things he did not believe were right, like drinking alcohol and owning slaves.In the end the settlers won.They rejected Oglethorpe’s ideas about how they should live.
那里的居民其实和其他殖民地的人们类似。他们不接受Oglethorpe的观点。他们想要做很多在Oglethorpe看来错误的事情，比如喝酒和拥有奴隶。最终定居者占了上风。他们拒绝Oglethorpe对于他们生活方式的建议。
Life was not easy in Georgia.Spaniards and pirates captured ships along the coast.Spain controlled Florida and also claimed Georgia and the Carolinas.Border fights were common.Oglethorpe lost all his money trying to establish Georgia.King George took control of the colony in seventeen fifty-two.
在乔治亚的生活是不容易。西班牙人和海盗经常在沿岸掠夺船只。西班牙不仅控制佛罗里达地区，同时还声称要控制乔治亚和卡罗莱纳。边境战争不断。Oglethorpe花费了所有钱财用于建立乔治亚。1752年，国王乔治接管了对乔治亚地区的控制。
As new colonies were being established nearby, the colony of Virginia was growing.A way of life was developing there that was very different from that of the North.Most people in Virginia at this time were members of the Church of England.Religion was not as important a part of their lives as it was to the people in the North.In the New England colonies, members of the clergy were considered the most important.In the southern colonies, rich land owners were the more important.
在乔治亚附近，弗吉尼亚作为新殖民地逐渐壮大。该地区形成了与北部地区截然不同的生活方式。弗吉尼亚的大多数居民是英国圣公会的成员。对他们而言，宗教并不像对北方殖民者那么重要。在新英格兰殖民地，神职人员被认为是最重要的人物。而在南部殖民地，富有的农场主才是更重要的。
People in Virginia did not live in towns, as people did in Massachusetts.They lived along rivers on small farms or on large farms called plantations.Being located on a river made it easy to export goods by ship.Virginians were sending large amounts of tobacco to England.It was the crop that earned them the most money.
维吉尼亚州的定居者并不像麻萨诸塞的定居者住在镇里。他们居住在河边被称为种植园的大大小小的农场里。邻近河流使他们方便地使用船舶出口货物。弗吉尼亚向英国运送大量的烟草。他们大部分的收入来自烟草种植。
But growing tobacco breaks down the soil.After a few years, nothing grew well on land that was planted with tobacco.The farmers had to stop planting anything on the land every few years.That meant they needed a lot of land.They also needed a large work force.So tobacco farmers in Virginia began to buy land -- and workers.
但种植烟草会破坏土壤。在一块种植过几年烟草的土地上种植其他作物，这些作物得不到良好地生长。因此烟草种植者每隔几年就要换一块土地。这意味着他们需要大量的土地资源。还需要大量的劳动力。因此弗吉尼亚的烟草种植者开始购买土地和工人。
At first, they bought the services of indentured servants, poor people who had no money or jobs.These indentured servants agreed to work for a farmer for a period of four to seven years.After that they were free to work for themselves.
他们最初雇佣那些被称为“契约工”的没钱也没工作的穷人。契约中规定，这些契约工要为农场主工作四至七年。之后他们就可以自由地为自己工作了。
In sixteen nineteen, a Dutch ship brought a group of Africans to Jamestown.They had been kidnapped from their homes by African traders and sold to the ship’s captain.He sold them to the Virginia settlers.These first Africans may have been treated like indentured servants.Later, however, colonists decided to keep them as slaves so they would not have to continue paying for workers.Slowly, laws were approved in Virginia that made it legal to keep black people as slaves.By seventeen fifty, there were more Africans in Virginia than any other group.
1619年，载有非洲人的荷兰船只驶到詹姆斯镇。他们在家乡被非洲商人绑架，然后卖给船长。随后船长将他们贩卖给弗吉尼亚的定居者。这些非洲人的雇佣方式起初和契约工类似。然而后来，殖民者决定让他们当奴隶，这样他们就不用花钱雇佣。随后，维吉尼亚通过了合法拥有黑人奴隶的法律。到1750年，黑人占弗吉尼亚人口总数的大部分。
Indians did not make good slaves because they could run away.The slaves from Africa could not.They had no place to go.
印第安人不适合做奴隶，因为他们会逃跑。而黑人奴隶却不会这样。因为他们无处可去。
Slavery in the South affected the course of American history.It divided the people and led to a civil war that nearly tore the nation apart.Slavery in the South will be our story next week.
南部的奴隶制影响了美国历史的前行。它将人类分为三六九等，并导致了差点使美国分裂的内战。下周我们继续为大家讲述南部的奴隶制。
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