°??·?ü?????§????“????×???±±·?” ?¨?ò??“???÷×???±±·?”??????????×°??????“±±??×???±±?·”?¨?ò??“±±??×???±±?·”????

?ò?í???????ó????????????·?·????????¨?é?é???ó?????????????????????????????????ó?ü????????????????????±±?à?????ò????????????????????±??????????°?ó?????????ú?????ü?á?°????·?“?ú????”????????????????·??????????±??

?ò?í??????“?à?????·”??“????×???”??????????????????·????????????ó?ò?????¤×?????????????

?à????????×é????“?ú?????ü?ü????°??????ü???????????÷?§??”?¨?¨??“°??·?ü?????§??????????”???????????????±?????×???????????±?¨?ò???à??“????????”????

????????????????????°??·?ü??????????????±±?????????°??????°????÷???????????????????????ó?????????????????§????????????????±±·????÷????“?????ú?·???????????¤?÷”?¨???????·?????·????°??·?ü?????§????±?×?“?¤?÷”?·??,°??·?ü×??????±?ì??°?????????????“???????¤?÷”(?????§???????????±???????????×????“°??·?ü?????§??”???????????§???????á?·)??

?à????????×é????“?ú?????ü?ü????°??????ü???????????÷?§??”???????????§???????±?????×?????§?????????±???¨??°??·?ü?????§???????????ò“????????”??

??????·?????????°??????????????à????±?×é????“?ú?????ü?ü????°??????ü?????????§??”????×??????????±??ê????ú?????????±??

??????·?????°???±???????????×é????“?ú?????ü?ü????°??????ü?????????§??”?????ê?ú???????±???×???ì?????????±??

????????????×?±?×é????5?ò????????°??·?ü?????§?????????????????ó?????????±???????±?????????±??“?à?ú???°????”??

??????×°???????????????????à?à???é???à?????ú?à??????“???à”???????à???à?ê????·?×????è?à?·?ù?????¤?????????????????ü????????

??“???ó?á?é”?????¨??????·?????????????±??ù????????????????????°ü?§????????×??????????????????ü??????????????

????????±????ù??????????????×°??????????×??????é??×??????ì?????????????é????????????????×??ò“????????????±?????????”?????????????????????????í???ò????

?ù???????????????÷????“??????”×??ù??±±??????????????????????×°??????????×??????é??×??????ì??????×????????ù??

???????????é???????????????????ú????????·????????ü?à???±?????????ó??????????????±±???¨??·??ü???????????????????????¨????±±????????????????????????×°??±???????“????”±????ü?ü????????

??????????????“??????”????±±??????????????±?????????“?ú????”???ú???????ù???????????ü???????????á±??§????

——????×???????????????±±??????????????????±±?????????ù?????????ò???????????????????????ó?ì????????±?????????±?????????±???

——?????¨???????????÷??????×??????ò?é??×??????ò?ó??±é·????????ó?ò?÷????????±??°???·??????

——?????÷??·???????????????????°ü?§??????

——?÷?????ò?÷·??ò?????±?ü???????±?ü??×???×???????·????????????ó???????????ù??????

±¨??????????“???ì????±????????ù????”????????“·??é???ú?????????í”??

??“·??é”????×?????????????????????????×?±???×?——????×?±??ò?????è?à?????á????????????????????

——??·??????????????????ü?????????????????±???????§?????°?????????????ü??????????????×÷??????????????×è?????ü?á???????±?ü?????????ó?????ü?????????á????

?????·??????·??ú?????ó±????????ú·¨?÷??????????±?·¨?÷????????±???????????1945?ê6????????????????“??????±???????”??“?ú?????ü?ü???????????????ú?ü”——?????§??????????????????????±????????ì?????????????????????????ù??????

?????????§???????????¨???ù???????ò???????ó??·??????????????à????±????±????????????????????“?¨????·??????????°???????????¨??????????±????ó?????????????á???????????§?????????±???????ü???????§????????????±???±±·????????????????????????????ò??????????±?×?????·????í?¨??????????±????ú????·????????±?????ú???????í????????????”???????????ò????“??????°??±?????ò?????ù??????????????????”?????ó?????ó?????§??“??????????????×?‘??’×??·”??±????????????????ì??????±???“??????????????”??

???ó?????????÷?·??????????“?????¨?????????ù?????°?????§?????±????????±±???????????????ù?????????????????ü??????????×?±????????±??????·????í???ê???????????????????ó?§?????????????????á?????????·?????????ê???????????????????????¨???????·?¨?ê???????¨??????±??¨?ì???????¨???ù?????????±???????ü?????????????????????±?ù?????¨???????ù?????????????????????????????????????????????§°??ó???à??????×???????????????×????á?????????????????ú??±?????·????????à?ê????????·???????±??????????§°??????????ó???????????????????????ê????????????????·?????????????±????±???ó?ù???ó”??

?????§????????????·????????????×???????ó???????§????°????????????è??——

?????§?????????????????????????±??????·??ê?????????????±?ò??à??????????????????ó???é?÷???????????ó?ê???????????????×???????????????????????§×???????ó????????????í????????????·???????×?????????????????“?????ì??????????????·???°???”?ó?????????·?????????ù???????à?ê?????á?á?????????????ù????“????????????·?????????????????”?ó????????????????????×???×?????±???×÷???????¨????“?????¨???????ó????????????°????????????????????????????????ù??????????”?ó???????????????????ó???????¨×????????¨??1944?ê??????·???±¨?·???±?????±???¤???÷±à?????±???????ê????°??·?ü?????§???????????????????é?????ü???÷?????????????????ê?ú???ú?ó??????×?????×÷??????????

?á?é???ê?????ê???????ó???°???????????????????????????????????????·?÷?????·ó??????í???????????????ê???ú????×??????????ó??×??????é?°?????ó?ù??????“?????????ú????·???????°??????§??????????????????°?????????????????????°ì??”???????????×°????ù??????“?á???ò??????”“???????????ò????????????????????????????±?????”???????????·????×??????ú???é??????“?à?ê????????????????????°????????ú???????????è????×è?????ü???????×°???????????????×?×????????à?????????·?????ú??°????ù???????à???????????????§???é?í?????????????????????????????°???????????????ú????°???·??í?????????·?ù?????¤?÷????????????×????????ù?????????·?????è?????·?ù?????á?????????????????±?????????·???????????á???????×????”

???ê???????????ì?????°?ê?°?????××????°?????÷?·???????·?????ó??????????·ê?????§???????????????ó?????????¤????????×????°?????????ì?ì?±???????????????×·??????????????ó???§???????ó?????????????????????·???????±?ê?±???à?????±???§?????????????°???×?????§????????????×???????????????????“?ú±???????????”?±?????????????????ó??????????????????????????????????????????????“°??????????÷????”???ò?????°??×??????°???????????ò?????÷???ì?ü?¤?÷×?????·?????·è??±¨?????????????????????ò?????ú????????×?????×?×??ù±??????·??“?·”???ì???è????×????????¨?ü?????????????????·???ü????±????????????????????????ó????????????×??????????????????????ó??????????±§?????????????????????????????????à????????·?????????????????????“????????????×????????????ú??×???????×??????????????????????ú??????”???á?????????¤×÷±??¤???????????????????°?ì??????????????°???????

?????§??????×÷??????????????????·?°????×?????ì?????????????????????ó?§??????????±????????????????????????????ì?????????????????????±???????à?????????±???ó?????????±?±???????????ò???????????ü??????????·????ó????°???°??????????????????????????????????????????±????????????“?é?????ù???????????±??????????°???”?????ì?????????§×????????????????é?ó??×??????·?????????·???à???§???????ó±?????????°í×????·???????????????????????????ó?????????·?????è??????·??????????????????°±???????????????

?????ú?????ü?°???ó×·?????±?é???????????§??????°????????????????????ó????????????????????????????????????×????×???????÷??????“?????????????·?????????????????ò??????”???×??????“????±??????????ê????????????????×????·??????????”???÷?????·??????????????????????·????????????é??·????÷±±·??ò??????±?????·????????××??????????????????????????????÷±±?????????·?¨×?????????“??”??1949?ê???ú??·??ó?×?????°??????????????????????·????é?????????ü???????±?????±?????×???????????¤?????ü???á?±?÷?????????????????±?é???????÷??????????????·??????±???????ü??????????

??????????±±??????????×é??????×???·????ú??????±±——

???±?±±?°??????????ú±±?????ì?????????????÷??????????????×???×÷?????ù±?????????????????·¨????????×???????±±?????????????????????÷??“???????????????ó????·?”??

·????ì???????????????????????????????ú?????????ü???????ó??????????°?×?????·?????±±???????ü?????·?????????????????????????ó???????°????????????????????????????????°??·?ü?????§???????????????????·???????ì????±±±????????????????????·??????????????????×°——??????????·???????×????ó????

???????????????¨??????“?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ì???????ê???÷???ù?±??????????±??????????ù?±???????????ù????????????????????×???????????”??

???????¨???????ü??????“?á???ê??????”??

?????ì?????????¨????·??????±?ò°??????????????¤????°????????·???????ì??·ê°??????????????·?????????ù????·??????????¨?????????±??·????ò???????·????????“??????°?????×??ú???????à???à?”

????????“×??ò?????????à°?!”

???¨????????“???????????ü???”

????????“?????????ü??????????????×?????”??

??±???????????“×ò?ì???????????à±±·??????ì?ü????????????????”??

???¨??????·????????±×????????????ü????·????ò?????????????????ò??????????×??????????ù??????“?ì?ü?ò±±×??????????????ì?ü??”??

????????????°???????“???????????????¨?????÷?ì?ó????????????????±???·?????”??

??×?±±?????????????ó????????°????????????¨????????????±±?????????ò??????????×÷????????????±¨??°??????é?????????????ó????“??×??ó??????????????±¨????????????±±·????á??????????”??

????????????????????×????????ú±±??????——????????×????????§????????±±?????ü±±??????????????????????????????±±??????????????????×????÷±±?§????????×????????§???????????????????????÷??±±?????é??×???±±?????±?§?????é??????????????????????????±±????×??????ú??????????????°???·????·???±??

???±???ú?????ü???é????????????פ?ú?????????ú?????????ü?ó????????“????????”(???÷?????ú??????ò????????¨????)???????±?????????÷???????????±“????”?????????????ú?????ü??????????????±????á??????±±??????????×°?????à???à???à???à?ò??

?é×?±±?????±?§?????????é??×?????????????????°ü????????×?????????????——??×??÷±±?§??????×?±±???§???????????ó????

?±???????????ó?????ó?????????±?÷?d?????????????ù??????±±??????“?????????°?±???????????ú±í???????ü±±??”???????????÷?d??“???ü±±??”??????×??????????±???????????????÷???????±?é???????±?±?????????????á?é?ó·???±????????????????????????????ü??????

?????????????????±???ü?±???°??“?ú?????¨?????ù?????ü?????ó??”??“?????ó??”????·???±±??????“???????¨??”???????????é×??????????ó???????????ò?????ó???¤????·?×?????????

?±???????????ó?????ó?????????±?÷?d??????“?????????????÷???????????????ì?????×???????????????ò?é??????????????????????????????±????????????ú×°?×?????¤?????×?ü???ó?????¨?????????ê??°?????????????±±??????????????????????×°???????????????????¨??°×?à?????????????????????????????????????????ü?ù??????????????°×?ì???ü?±???¤???¨?????à?????????ò??°?????±????????è?????è?ù????±???????????°?????????·?”??

???ü?±?????à?????÷????×???????????±±???±?????à???????§??????????????·?×?×é???????¤???é???????±???à???ó?§?ú?????§?ú???????????????????¤×÷????????×????????ê?á??±???°?????????????????????????“??×??ú?×??????”????????????????????????“???ú?×?????ü?????÷??”???ú???á?????????????×·??¤?????????????ò?????±?????ò·?°??????¤???ó?????à?????¨?á????×?±à?????????????????????ù?ù?????????????í??????????????×÷??????°??????????????????à?????±???ú?????????????ì???????ù±??ü?????·??±????¨?????????·???????è???±?±?????????ó?§?ú?????????¨???????í????×??????????ò???????à????????Q??????ר?????±???·?????è???????????§?¤×÷?????ó·??????????????×????????·??????????ì?????ü????×ù?????§??????×????ó???????ì????°??????????????????????????????é?????à????????????????·??????÷??×°????×????é?????¤×÷???????è?ùà???????????????????פ???????????????????¤?÷??????????°???????????·??????????ú?±±?×??ì??×??????????????????????????×??????????????????????????????……???????í?????????±?ò?????????????±???????ì?±±????ó???±????·???·?°à?????????????????????????ü?±?ó×???????????????

?????é×?????±?±????ó?à???ú?¤???é??????????????????“????×?”?????????????????¤?????°???????????íà???????????????????????·?·???????????????????×????????ì????°??ò?ú???????????ì?????è?????í???é?é?÷?÷?????????¤???????????????????????ù???§×????ù?°????

?¨?????é×??????§???????????±???é×??????ó??????×??÷±±?§??????×?±±???§???????????ó??????×?±±???§?????é???????°??·????¤???±?????????????????????ü???????ó????????×é??“?é??×???±±?????±?§??”?¨????“±±?????±?????§??”???????????????÷?ò±±??±±?????????????ò??????????

???ü±±?????????????×·??¤???à?????????????ü??“?ú?á”???????????????ü???????????????????±???é??×???±±?????±?§??°??????????ó?????????í?????ó????????×??????°???ù±±?°???????????ì?????????????÷?????±??°????????????ì?ì±?????±¨????·??????????????±?????????????????????ó?????ì???à?é?ó???¨????????????

“??????????±?·??????ó???ü???????±???????????ó??????????????×??????????ì?ó?????????±×ó????????????????????????·ì????·????????????ó·????????????×?????????????????????????ì???????÷???à???????????ó?????????????·?????????°×????±?±???????????????????ó?????????é??×???±±?????±?§???????ó???????????á???????????ó??????????×????????????????ú???????ü???????????????ó?ù????????????????????????????????·???????????×??í?ù?ó×????????±?????????????????????????±?????????????ò?ó????±¨???ó???????????±???????????????±?????????????????????????????????????????í?????ó?÷?ó?????????????????????????ó?÷?í??±????????÷?????????????????°??±??????????????¨???????÷?ú??????????????±??????????????¨???????ó?????????ó??×????ú???±?????????????ù??°????????±±?×?”???????×·??¤??????

??×ù??·?????????°?????????????°????????????????????????????÷????°??????????????????????÷???????????±???????????????????????????±???ó???????ì???????????°????“?ó???à????×???????????·???”???????×·??¤???????±???é????????á??±?????????????±?±?????????????±????·???±????????????????????????????????????á??°???????????·????????????????ò±??????????????????????°??×??????????é???ó?ê?????????????????ù???????????????????????????±?????ì±????????í?ü???????ìó¨??

“???????à?????????????±???????§???é????·??¤?????¤???????????????°?·???????ó?????à?????ó??·???????????±?????×??ó?ó·????ó???????????????????????????????????é???¨?????????????á????????????°???×??????±???ü???????????????????·???????????????ü?????????????????±?á?????????????????????????????ó????×????¨???????ù?°??????????????????????”?????à???ù??????°??·???????ü???????????????à???±???????ó???????×·??¤????????????????×÷?????§???¤?????????ó???¤?·?×??????·??????¨?????ó?????????????????????÷???????§???¤???????ü???????×·??¤???ì???à???¤???????????????ò?÷???????????ü??·????????¤?ó?????·?????????????????ü????×??·????????

?????×·??¤??????“???????ü???ó???§???¤??????????????·????±?·?????????????ü???ó??·?????????????·????????±?????±?????????????????????ü???ó??×ó?????à???????ò?????????????à???????ü?????????????è?????????????????±???????ó???????ú???????ò????·???????×????????????????ò???????×?¤???????????????é????????×??????????±?????????????????????ì????????·???????????????·?????????×???·??÷??????????????????????????????????×?????±????????????????ú???????????é???????ò·¨?????ò???ó??×???????????????????·??ú????????????????????????????????????·???·??±?????????±?????????±?????????±?????????????ü???à???ó???????????????????ú?????ò??????·??ì?????????????????±????·??????????????ò???ì?ò?ú???????????ì???????±???????±???ó?????ì???????????????í?????·??°??ì????????????????°ì????????×??????ò?????±?ú??°à?????ú?¤°??????ò???ú???????????±????????×?????×??????????á???????ú?¤?????????±?????à?ê???????ú?ü???????±·???·????????ó±??ê°??????ù????×??????±???????????????????????ò???°·????§???ó?????????ü?????????????????????????????????ú??????????·??????ó???ù???????÷???ü???ú?????????????????ü???????????ü??????????????????·?????×??·???????????????±?±?????????????ü?¤?????·???????????????±?§???¤?????????????¨???±?¨????×÷?????ó???????·??”??

——?????????¨?°?????é??×???±±?????±?§???§???¤?????????ì???é×??????§???????????±????×??÷±±?§?????é×??????ó?????????????÷??·????ó????????????????±??ú???????ù?????ü?????ù?????§???????§??????

“???????????ú??”

“???ü???±????×·?÷???ü???????ò???????????????ù??????????????????????×·?÷?ò?·??·ü?÷?????????????????????ó??ר?????????????±???ü????????????????????·??????????????????±????×????????????????ú??????×????????ü?í?????ù?±”???????×·??¤???????±?±?ó?à???????±??????????×?????????×???°??????·????????????????????±??????????ù??????°????????ù????·????????????í·??ü??°???°??????????÷??????????????????·ó?????????????????????ü×·?????é?°????

?????×·??¤????????——

??????????????????????????±????????????à?????????????±???????????????±???ü?????????????ì???????????????????????????????ó???÷???????????à?à?????????????????????ó?à?·????????????·??à?????????????????????±??±??????ü?????????????é?°?·????????·????????°??×????á???á???????ó???????°?????????????±?±???????????????????????ì?à?·????????????×????é?????·???±?±???????????????????ó?????ù×??????????á????????????????????×?????????·???????×??????ò°????????????????????ò?????????ò?????ì?ì???????????????????????à×?????????????????????“????±???×?????????????????????????”??????°ì·¨??±???????????????????

?????ó???????????????ì?ì????????????????????????????????????????????????????“????????”???ü?????????ù???????±??????????×??????????÷?????????????????????????????????÷??????????·?????????????????????????????????????“??????·?”???????????à????????±?????????·???——???··??????????????×?????????????ú?ú????

?????????????????????????????????????????±?????±?±?í?à?????±????“·????¤”?????????ù?????¤????????????·????????????????????????????·???????????????????????????????????????ü?????????????????????ú???????±???????????÷???????????????ó·????·?????????????á?????????????ú×?????????????·??ò?????á???????ü?????±·???????±???????????????????????±?????×??????ù?????????????????????ü?????ú???????????????ù?ì?ì·????????????ó??????

“??????????????×?????±??????????÷?????÷???°????×?±±??????”???????±?ó?á???é×?±±?????±?§???§???¤??????????

?????????è???±?????¤??????·????±·??ü???¤?????ò?ó???·?????è?????????ú?????????????°×??ú?????ü??????????????????????·??????????ú?????ü??????????????????????????????????±??????????ò?è?????ó???¨?????????ê???????è?????í????“???í”??é????????????ü???????±?????±·??ì?????????è?????ü?±???????ú???ò???ü?¨?????????????????ü???????????????±?ó???¨???¤?????????ü?????????????ê????????????????±????ü?±??……

?±??·??÷?????ù?????ê?????????????°????·??ê±????·??????????±¨?·????????“?±?ê÷é???±???????°??±?”?????????????ú???????ê±?????×??????????±?ê????????±?????????????????????????·?×??????????ì?????é??????????????“??????°????ú????×???±??¤??”?????ê±???????°??????§??????????±¨?·????????????????????????????????????????2001?ê?????????é??×?????????±±?????ê±????§???????·±???±??????????ê±????§??????“?±?????±·??ì?¨???????ú?????è????35?????????¤?÷?????§???¤????×??????ü?????§?ó?????????????ò?????????????????ü……?????????????¤?????????ó?????í?à????????×???????????”??

??“????????”·???????±±??

?ê±????????§???ó???ü????????×·?????é×??·?×????????????“????????”??°ì·¨?°???ú?°????????±???°×?ì?????????????í??????????·??í???°?????????????????????????????ú?ü?????????????????????????????????¤??????????????±?????????????????×???????????????·ì?????????ù?????ó?????????????ü????±????????é?????????????×???±×÷??°?????

“????°×????????????????±?????°ü?§???????????????¨???????????±?????à????°ì·¨??????????±???????”???????×·??¤????——

???????·???????????????±??????×??ü?§???????????????¨?????????????±???????ú??????????????±???????±?????±±?????ì??????????·×·×????????·???????????????×??é???????????????ú?????????????????????????????????????????????????????×??????×??ú×??????????????é?±???????????????????ù???????????????????±???????ú?????ì??????????????????“±???×????????????ü?à????”?????????????????????·?±×????????????????????°??×????????????????????????????é??·?????±?????±????????????ó?????????????±????×??·???????±?í?ù???????????????ù???????????±???????????????????ù?????????????????±????×??????±?ù???????è?????????????±?????????±??????????????

?????×?è??°ü????“????????”???????à?ê???????????×??????????±??????????×?°????????????°??à????????????????×??ü??????????±±????????×÷??????????×é??è÷?°????????×??????????????????????×·??¤??????????????·?——°ü????????????±±????????×÷???è????“?????????ü??????????????×ù????????????×???6?????????????é??×????????ó??14???¨????2???????÷???±?????°6?????ü?????????¤??????????è÷?°???????????????ú??????????????·?????×????????ó???ü???±?×???????ú?·??????????????????????????×ù??×????¨????±????????????????°????×ù??×??????????????ú??????????????????±??????????ó?à?ú??????????·?????×?????×??????í?????í?????????????????????°???????????¤??????”??

“???????????ú?·??????×??????????????é?????÷????×??ú”?????????????????????????????ü??????????????????±??°???????ü?????????ê???????????????±???÷?????ó???????§?ú??????????????????????

?????????????ó???é??×????????ó?????§???????ú????±??ò?????????é???????????à??????????????“?????????????ê”——?????§???à???ú??????????????????????????????????????????±±?????????????????·???????????????????ì?????????÷?????????????????????§×·???????????????????????°?????°?????????????????ú???????±???±?????????????????????????ó?????ó?????????????í???????????ú??????????°??ó?????????????°????????????……?????±???é??×????????ó???????±?ì?????±?????±???????¨?????????±??·??·?ò??±???×÷???·???±?????è?????????????????±?????í??×???????·????°??

?ì???????????????????????????????????????????÷?????÷??????????????±????÷????????????????×?????°??è?¨???????????????à???ü?????ù……??

???ò??±à?ó???é×??·?×???????????ü??×·?÷????????????×?????·±????????°??????ü??×·?÷???§???????ò??????·????????????ù???é??????“???§???é?¨???????á?????ì?????????ò?????????á?????ì???????????????????××???????×?????·????à????????????????????±????é?÷????·????ü?????????è?????·??”??

???????±??×??ò?????????é×??????ó??±±????±?????à??????ü???ù?????????÷???????????ò??±±?????????ü???±????????????±±·???????×°???????á??????????????×?????????????????????????????×???·????????????????????????????ù?????????????±???à?ê???ó?????????????????????????????????·???á?·??°?·????é??×????????±“????”?¨??×?????????????×?????????·????ó?????????????±?ê±±?????·?????ú?????????±????????????“?????ó???????ò??????±¨???±?????????÷?á???????????????????????????????????é·ò???????????°??°??ü????×?????”

±±?????±?§?????????÷?? “±???????”

?????????????????????????????é??×???±±?????±?§????????×??????÷???à???é×??·?×???????è??±±?????·??“±???????”??

?é×?±±?????±?§????±à??“????×?????±±?§??”

??±±????????????×??á?ó????±±??????°????é??×????????????ó?????ó???¤?·?×?????°·????ó???ó???¤?÷??????×é?????????????ù??????????????????±±?????????????????????ó??????·????±?????????????????§????±à??“??×???±±?§???????ó??”???÷?????ó???¤??

???ó?????§±???±±??????±à????“??×???±±?§???????????ó??”???°“??×???±±?§???????ó??”???ò???????ò???????ò???ê????????????????????×°?????????·?ò??????

???????????????÷???¨?????????×?ì??????±±?????????é×??????±???????××?????????????????±±?????·??????±±?????±·ü??????????????“????”???????·?????ó??“????”?????ò????????????±¨?????????×?ì??±?????·?????????????×??°?¤?????¤×÷?¨???????÷???°?¤???????????±?é????????????×????????ú????????±à??????±¨??????±¨?·?¨???????????????????¤????·?????“????”????????????±¨?·?÷±à???¤???????·?¨????±à??????????????±¨?·?±?÷±à???????????????????°???????????????????¤?á?é???¨???????????÷???°?¤???????????±?é???????????????±??????????

???à????×??????????????????ê???ó????????????1946?ê??°??ê??????????????????×??????é??×????????í?à????×??????????????????????????à??·ò???????????±·ü???????¤×÷?????ù???????±???ó???ü???ê???????????ú?????à??×???“????×?”?????°±±?·?????ó???ú?????à??×???“????×?”???????????????????????????????????ú???????°???ü???¨?ü·?????????“????×?”???????????????à?????????????????ú?????¨??“????×?”——

??????????????±±?·?????ó?????ú?????????ú??“????×?”????·??ü????×??????ù?ù×?±??ú????????????·???????

????????±±???????????????à??×????????á??????±¤???????????±??????????·??????????????±·??????ú????°??·?ü?????????????ò?????ó???????°?ì????°??????§???±×?“??????”???????????÷????????±?????????·¨???????????????????????±??????????·¨?????¤×÷?????????????????????ò???????±?????ó??·????????????????????????ü???§×·???????????????????ü????·¨????????????????????????????±???????

??????±±——?é?÷???????????????ü???????????ü???????ü???????????ü?????????????????è?ê??×????????????ê???°???÷???????¨?????????ì?¨???????????????ó?×??????·?????×è???????§?????????é????????????×·???á?????????§??????——?ò????????

????????——?é?÷??????????????°??ù????????°????????????ù???????????ù?????????????????????????????°??·?????????±±???????????????????????????ú????????????????????·?????????·??ü??????×è????×????é×?±±?????????ó??·??ü??——?ò±±??????

??????????????×?????????“??×à????”??°ü?¤?¨??“?????§???ü?????±?á?????????°????±±·???????????????????????????????”??

??±????????????????????§×·?????¤??±±·????????ó???????????????±???????÷±±???é?????°??????“?ú?·×??????ù??°????????ó?????????§???????÷?????????°?????????????§±±·??÷????????”??×??ü??×÷???°?±???????????????±????????????

???ó????????????“???????????ê????????”??

??????????????????±±???ü“?????á??”????????????????????

?????±???????÷?????????é??×????????????ó???????????????????é???????ù?????????ù“?ú????”???ú?????ü????×è??????°ü?§?????°???????????è??±±????

????×????????±???ú????????????????±í?????????????ì???·????????±±???ü?????¤???á??????????“??????????±????????±??·??ú?±??±?????°??·?ü?????§??·??ü±±·????????????????????????ó???á?????????????????ó??????”??

??±±??????????±±???????????????í????????????????“°??·?ü?????§??????????±±·?”??????????

??±±?????????é??×????????±????????????×????±?????±??×÷???????????÷?????????????????á???????±?°????????×??í????????????±í????????“×???????”

???±??±±?????÷???????????ê???????????????????é×??????ó??????????????×??÷±±?§??????????????????????×??????§????????????????????????????×??????ú??????±±????????????????°???·????·???±?????????á??“×?????”?????????ù??????

±±???×???????ò???á????????????°??????é?ù?°?????ó??·??ó??°?——??????°??????????±???¤?ù????????°?????????“??±±??”??

????×????????§?????????ó???×???ò???????????????¨??±??????ù?????????????????????ù???ì????°?“??±±??”????????????????????????×÷????????????×???×??????????±???°?????ó????????????°???±±???????è??????????×é???????§??????????????????·á???·?????????¨?????è???°???????????ù?????±?ü????×????ò?÷·?????×°?×??·?×????????????????±?????????§????????????×°???????ú±±?????????????????ú?????ù??

?????¨“×?????”??????????±±??????????±±?????????????±????????????×??????§?????????????????÷±±?????????????à?????ò????±±?????????????§???¤???????÷±±?????????????è?à°??????????°??????????±±???????????????¨?????????????ù?????????á??????????

?????ù???????????á??????±±????????????????×??????§?????°????±±???§????????????????????×°???÷??±±???÷???????????÷?????????ê??????????“±±??”??“?¨??”?????????§??????×°??????

???????±?????ó???ú?????ü?÷???????÷????????????????????±±????????????×°??±±??????·??????÷???????§?????????????????????ê???÷????????????????????±±?é?????ì?????????????????§???????????????????°?????????????±???à????????·????????????ü?????????????????????????????????????????±???????????±??·????·???±?°???????·???????????§???????ü?????à?±?§??——?ò????±±????????????????°ì·¨??

???????????????????é?????????ú?????????????÷????·??ü????“?????à??????????????·?”????????????×??????ì“??????????????????×°????”?????ó??

????????????×é??????·????±???????????ú???????ó???????????à??±??????±??????“±??¤”?????ò???????????ú±í??????×??????á·??????????????????????ú±í?????ü????

???????????????ú?????????????±???????ú±í??×??????????¨??·?·????é????????????×é????·??ú±í?×???????????ó???????ü???¨???????????????????ü?????¨???????????????????????????????????????????????????×??——???????????ò??????±¨?????é?????ú??????????????????????????

?±??????×????????????±?????ú??????“???????é°ü?¨?????????ò?????????é?????????é???ò”??

?¨8??????·??????????????????é???????ò?·?¨?ó??????·??ú??·?????????????????????×°???±?ú±í???ú?????°???ú±í?????°????·???????????×é???±?°????°???????×é????±????????????ú±í?????????·????????×°???±?????????ò?????????ó????×÷??“?÷?é????????“???ú????·??????í±??¤???????±???????ù??°????°?á?????¨??·?????±?????

“???é???ò???????????????????á????”???±??????×????????????????????÷??????·???????“?±?±?ú?????¨?????????????ú±í?????¨?????????é???ò??×????à???????????????????????????¨±?????±??¤?????±??×°???±???ú?ü°?????????????±±?·?ó?????????????±????????????×????±?¤???ú???????????????????á??±?×????????????ú?????????????????????×???????×??×???????????????????????

?ü?÷????°???×é???????ú±í???????????ú??????????????“??????”??“??????”?????????????÷??×°??????±±?·????????????????????×?????

“?ó”????×?????±±?·???±???á??±à???ó????×??????????????????ü?÷????°???????×é±?°???

?ù???????óN?à?ê?????????±????????????????????×°????????????×????????§????????????×??????ó?????é??????????????????“?ó”????×?????×é????·???·???????????????

1946?ê5????“????·?”????±±?????????é??×????????±????????????×??????????÷????????????????????±±???????ù????——???????????¨?ó?????????????ò?¨±±???ó±à??“????×?????±±?§??”?????é??×??????????????ó??????“???????¨”????·????????????ó??????????×???±±?·×?±????????ó????????????????·?????±±??????????????±±?§???????÷?????à??????????????????????????±±?·??±±?·?ó???¤×÷??????

——????±±??????????????±±?·????????????????????????????°?×???????????????????

——°??á?????·????·??????ü???????????????????????????¨???ü????????

??6????????±±?÷?·??????×°???????????ú???ò???????í????????????????±¨??“ì??????ü???????í??????????×?±?????????????????????????????????פ?????§??????”??±±????????·?????????ì????????ì??×?×????????????????±?????????í??????????×??????????ú?????ü??????????

??±ò?????????????ú???????????????é??×????????????±??????????????????±±???????ú????????±±?ü?÷?§×é???ú?????ú±í?è?úì???????????±???????“??·??±?°?ú?ü”????????±?????±????????????¤??×?????????±±?????????????±?±???á???ì?é???è?úì????????????????????????÷?????????????±?·????·??§??·?“???ì??·?”????????±?·???·????????????á???????ú????·????????í?ó????????±±??????????·????????????á????±¨?ü?÷??×??????è?úì???????±???“????????”??×????????????·?ò??????±±??????????

??????·??í??????????×????????·??????·??????±??????×é????·??ú±í?????????????????????ü?à?????ú?????ú±í?è?úì?????????“?????ú?????ü??????????????????±??????????????????ù???ì??????°?????????????·¨±??¤????”?è?úì????????ó?????ó±????÷???±????“??????”????????·????ú?????????????????????ù?ó?·????

?ü?÷??????·????ú????·????¨??????±±?÷?·?????????????ü???????í?????????ó?á?????í?ò??????????±???°×?ì???ü??°????¨???ü?·????°????¨???òפ??……????????????±±?÷?·???????????è???????????ó???????????é??

?????±??±ò????????±±???????????????????§??????????×????????????ú?????????????ü?÷????????×é???????§????????——?ú??????±????ò???ú???ü???????ü??

?±?????????à???×?×??????????????±ò???????ü??±????á???????????????????????÷??±????????à?????????????????????·??°????????ú??????±????????????·???????á?÷?ü?±???¨????×°???????¤??????????????°??????±???÷??????????±?×???±?°??ù?????????ù??????????±??÷???????????à????????????????±???????????×°±????????????????????é??????×????ú??……???????????·×????·??????????×????ó?????????ò?±?????§?ú??????±???????????????°à??±??±??

??????????×???????×?°???????????·ò?§×?×????ú?????ú±í?è?úì??????????·×????·?????????????????????????????à????“???????????????????????¨?í??×???????????±±?·?à????????????????????”

?±??????×????????????????????÷??????·????????ü?÷????°???????×é???ó????±±?·???±“?????????????????ò·????????????????ò?????ó??·?????·?????????”??

?????×·??¤?????????????ì??±±?·?????ó??±¨???±?????ó???????????ó?á???????×??????°??????????????????ó???¤???§×?±¨?????ó?á±??????§???á????????“????????·??¤???????ó??????”???????×???????????????????????????ó????????????????±¨?????????ú×??ó???????ó????????????????????????????“???????????¤°???”?¨?????×1936?ê????????????×??????¤×÷?±×?×é??°???????????·????¤????·??¤?????????×???????????§±±?·?????ó??“?????????????ò??±??????????ù?????????????????ó????????”??

?????????ü?÷????°???×é????·??ú±í??????????????±±??????????×??±?????±??×÷??“???à”??

?????????????ü?÷??????“?é?÷???í”???????ì?é°???

?·???é???????±????×????????????????±?????°???????ü???????????????????×???????·???é?????????????÷????×°??????·?·??ú?????ü?????÷??????פ?ú??????????×??????????????????????ó???????ó??°????????????????????ü±±?·?????é??????????????“???á?????ü???????à?????ú????????פ?ú?????§?????????????§?????????á??????????‘???ò??????’????????????????????????·?????×???×???????????????????×??°”???·???é????

?????±?????????±????·?????“?òì?·????÷?????????????????ó????”??

????±±?·???±?????????ü?÷????°???????×é?ú?????ú±í??????????°????ü±à?ì???????á???????????????ó???ü?÷????°???????×é?????ú±í·?·???????±±?·???±???°????????“?????ò??°??ê????±??í×?????·????ó???ú?????ì?????§°??ò??°????ò??????????±??í×????????????????????????????????????????????????????÷?????á??……????±?????????·??????é????????????±±?·?????????????????????????ì?????÷?÷????????·±?????????????ú??????”??

±±?·???????????¨——?????ü?????ü??——????????????·?????

“???????????ì?????¨?±???????????ú?????????????????????????±???ì?ì????????°????????ò???????¨?????ü???????????????????????????????????ü??????????????????????????????”???????×·??¤?????°?????ú?°????N????

????°?????í??·??????·????????????ê?????????í????——

??????????????????±±?????????ì???é??×????????±????????????×????±?????±??×÷????????×??????????÷?????????????¨???§??????????????????????“°?°?????????????”????

“???????¨????????·??ó?????????à???????????????????????·?ó?????????????????????×°?????????????????·×·×???????????????¨??????????????????????±???·?????????”????·?????????????7??1?????????ú?????????????????ì×??????±?í?????????ì×??ó?á?????????????è????????±í?????????????ü??±??????????????????????§??????????±í???????????¤???ù×??????????????ì???????á???????????????????????????á???????????è?????????????è???ó????????????????????????“???????????ú?????ü?????é?????????ê??????????????±??????ù??·?????????????????±?????±????????ó?????á?????ú?????ü???ò??????????·??÷???????????ò???????????????????????????????????????????????????ù???ü??”??

“?????????????§????????×???±????¨???ü???????????¨?????????????ó”????·?????

??°??ó?????é??×????????????ó???????ú±????ú??????????????????????“??·??????ì?????????ì”???è?ù???????é?°???í?à?????????????????????????????ü×°???ò??°ó???¨×??????????????é?????????????÷???????ò°ó??????????????“???¨???÷??????????×????¤??±±?·???????¨?ó?á”??

??????????×°?????÷??×????÷???·?ù???¨?ó???????ó??·?????????±±·??÷???§?°???¤×÷?????·???????ê???????????????????±?±?????????????????????ü???ó?§???í???§?????°???????ò?¤×÷????°??·?ü?????§?????????????ü??????????????±±?????????ü???????±??????????????????????±§??±í?????ü?????????á????????????“???????????????¤??????·¨???????????????????????ú????????????°???”

??????????×°??????±±??????×???±±?·???????????ú?·???????????ê????????——?±????·×ì????????ú???§?????ú?????????ú???°?????ú????????????????????????????????×°???????ó?ú??????????

??±??????±?é???????????à??????????????????·??????è??±±??????°??·?ü?????§???????????¤??±±?·??????????±±??????????????????????×??±????±????¤??????????????×÷?????????????í?????ù???????????????????????à???è?????????ú??????????????????????????????????????……

?÷?????ò????“?????§??????±±?????????????ó???????±??????·¨????±??????°???????¨????”??

???????ò??????“?ú?????ü??????????±±???÷????”???????????§??“????·??ù??”??

——?????????????¨“?ò±±·??????ò??·??ù”?????ú????·????á??????????????????

——?????ì??????????±í?÷????·?????????

——?????????????ü?????????ê??????????????×??????????±?×??

——??????±????????§??±?????????????

——??????????·???????????????????

——???ó?????ú???ú?????????°?ì??

——???§??“?????§??”???ú?·?ú????

——?§???????ì????×????????é????·¨????

——??·¨???????¨????????±ê??

——???????????????¨???????ù????????????????????

——????×é?¨?????§?????????????ê????????????±???±±·????????????????????????±?????????????ü?????????ü?????¤±?????????????????×é?¨??

——?????è·¨×??ó??????×°????????????????????

?°?????ú???????????????ó????????±±?·??????×??????é??×??????????±???????????????¨?é???ü?????????±???ì???????????????÷????????×°?·?ù——?????±???????????ó????·??§?????è?à???????ú?????ü????????·???×??ó???????????????????ó?????·?????????????¤?????????ó???¨“??????????”??“??×???·ü?÷??”??“?ì?¨?????·”????“????????”????????????×°?????????¤×?±?????????

???±????????????????±±???????·???÷???????è???°??????±±?·?ó×?????????±±?????¨?è?í?????ú?????????°????·??¤×÷???ò????“????????”?????????ò????????????°ó?????????ò???§??????×????????í×?????????°????×°?????????????????????×????????????????????????ú????????“?????÷?÷????????·±?????????????ú”?????·??×????¨?????ò

——???°????×????????°????×è?÷???????????ó?á??

1999?ê10??????????×?????“????×???”????????????×??????????ê?á???é?¤?????à??????“????×???”??±????¤???????¤?????????¤???????????????????????????????·??——“????×???”????“???°”??????????

1949?ê10??17????????×??????°??????×????¨??±à·??????????????????????ù???±???¤?????????????????????????ú???????????§???ú?????ü????????????°ü?§???????ó???ú?????ü?????????????????±???¤???????????????¤???????ù?????????ò????????·?????????????????×??????????·???ù?????·?????ò????????????????????????????????????????×??????????ì????±????????????????í??????×ù???·?±????????????×è?÷???????????¤?????ì???ì???é???????????á?????????·??·?????“???ü”???????°?????¤??????×???????????????±?·?????????????·??ú????????????????????“???°”??????????????×è?÷????????????????????????±?·??????¤?ü??????“???????¤”???????????±????×???·????ò???????ó?á?????ó·????????????????????????????????????ó?á????????????°???????·??ü“????×???”???????????????????à??·??????????????????ó?á??????????????“???°”?÷???¨??????×??????????÷??????????·??????????????ù???ó????“???°”?????????ú????????·???????×??????°?????????????????????ò??????

?¨“???°”??????±±????????×÷???????ú??????·??ü?????°???ü??“????×???”????×??°?÷??×???±±?·?????ó???????????????ú??????·??ü?????°???ü????×?????

???????·?????·????°??·?ü?????§????±?×?“?¤?÷”?·?¨????

?????§???????????±???????????×????“°??·?ü?????§??”???????????§???????á?·?¨????

???ì??????“????”????±?“???????é??????????×?×?±??÷?????·?±?¨???ì??ר°?×é”????????“???ú????”??