国外学者对中西方餐桌礼仪差异的研究 英文的~国外学者,代表人物及主要观点~不要中文的~可是我要的是代表人物及主要观点！
One, two different diet idea Contrast notice "flavour" Chinese food, western is a rational diet idea. Whatever food color, fragrance, taste, shape how, and nutritional must be guaranteed, pay attention to how many calories a day to absorb vitamin, protein, etc. Even if taste machine-made, also must continue to eat -- because nutritious. This diet idea with western whole philosophy system is adaptable to. Metaphysics is the main characteristics of western philosophy. Western philosophy has been the object of study for what reason, what reason is often metaphysical academic, metaphysical academic mutual coherent, then form the metaphysical philosophy. This philosophy to western culture with life and make in natural science, psychology and methodology realized by leaps and bounds development. But in other ways, this kind of his philosophy greatly up side effect, such as the diet culture. In the banquet on, can exquisite tableware, exquisite makings, pay attention to service, exquisite cuisine of raw material of form, colo But no matter how luxurious high-grade, from Los Angeles to New York, steak is only a kind of taste, without art at all. As dishes, chicken is chicken, beef steak is steak, in spite of collocation, it is also in pan, a dish "French sheep row", while puts the mashed potatoes, beside lean on lamb chops, the other side cooked beans, add with some slices tomatoes becomes. On colour contrast, but in taste on various materials on each other, mediate, each is different flavour, simple and clear. Chinese people are very seriously "eat", "saying" the old adage that we eat to see more with the days just as important. Due to our national thousands of years in the low level of productivity, people always do not have enough to eat, so would have a unique eat to see everything diet culture, I think, this will probably be out of a survival needs it. If a cultural ate as the primary thing then will appear two phenomena: on the one hand may perceive this eat function to acme, not only survive, also use it to maintain a healthy, this also is the "diet cures more than the doctor" On the other hand, to eat excessively attention, can make the person praise highly of delicious pursuit. In China, the cookery pursuit of delicious reached almost acme, that Chinese overseas to make a living, with open restaurant for a possession, and around the world has become our living fundamental! Unfortunately, when we put the pursuit of delicious as the first requirement, we are neglecting food most fundamental nutrition value, many of our traditional foods are through hot Fried and long time slow cooked Tun to make the dish of nutrients to sabotage, many nutrients are loss in the machining process. Therefore say to nutrition problems, actually gets to the biggest weakness of Chinese food culture. Folk have a saying "saying, food to taste first". Is this kind of delicious pursuit, but we ignore the real meaning of dinner. Chinese in tasting food, often can say this dish "yummy", that is "" However, if want to further ask what call "delicious", why "yummy", "yummy" where, I'm afraid it's not easy made myself clear. This shows that the Chinese to diet of pursuit is a kind of difficult to explain in words "mood", namely, use people say normally "color, aroma, taste and shape, implement" to the "state" materialize and I'm afraid is still difficult to cover it. The Chinese diet is has its distinctive charm, the key lies in its flavour. And delicious produced, is mixed, want to make food BenWei, heating later ripe flavour, plus ingredients and accessories flavors and condiment harmonic of flavour, interweave fusion coordinated together, make the complement each other mutual infiltration and cozy, we are inseparable. Chinese cooking cultured harmonic beauty, is China culinary art the right place. Its shape and color is external things, and taste is the insides of, heavy internal and not decorate painstakingly appearance, the heavy food taste without getting too revealed dishes of shape and color, this is China's beautiful sex diet conception of the most important performance. In China, the beautiful sex pursue apparently diet, the diet overwhelmed the rational view and the traditional philosophy thought is matched. As eastern philosophy representing Chinese philosophy, its remarkable characteristics is macro, intuitive, fuzzy and unpredictable. Chinese food is mixed the method of making paper, is ultimately to ding concocted a good taste. The cultured is discretion is overall coordination. It contains rich Chinese philosophy thought of dialectics, everything with food taste of beauty, humorous is moved for degrees, degrees of protean determines the Chinese dishes rich and abound change, decided the Chinese cuisine cooking characteristics and even every cook characteristics. Second, the differences between Chinese and western diet object Westerners believe that food is to appease hunger, so only eating of meat, the entire block chicken "hard food." While Chinese cuisine is "taste", so the Chinese cooking, with makings also show great arbitrariness: many westerners as the outcast things in China are extremely good materials, foreign cook cannot handle things, to a Chinese chef hands, it can be changed decayed for magical. It serves to show the Chinese diet in materials and randomness of the rich. According to western plants scholars of investigation, the Chinese eat the plants of the 600 many more than six times, western. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are ordinary food, volunteers only in holidays or the life level is higher, did not enter the normal diet, so since ancient times will have "vegetable food" say, food food in the usual diet dominant. Chinese with plants as the main dish, and has thousands of buddhist the advocacy of silk ties. Wisp million They viewed the animals as "creatures", and plants, "no spirit", so, advocated vegetarianism. Westerners about their country's food characteristic, feel more attention than China nutritional reasonable collocation, have relatively developed food industry, such as cans, fast food, although taste machine-made, but save time and good nutrition, so their country's human body is generally Chinese robust: tall, long legs, broad shoulders and developed muscles, But Chinese figure appears narrow thin, shoulder, color yellow qualitative short legs weakened. Someone according to the western diet object the obvious differences in this one characteristic, the Chinese call plants disposition, westerners called animal character. Third, the different ways of diet Chinese and western diet is very different ways, and the difference of national character may also be affected. In China, any banquets, whatever the purpose, will only have a kind of form that is what everyone round and round round, sharing a meal. Banquet with round, it from formally has created a unity, polite, altogether fun atmosphere. A table delicacies in the center, it is both a table people appreciate, tasting objects, again is a table of emotional communication medium. People drink a toast, mutual dishes for each other, persuaded dishes, the good things in front, manifests people between mutual respect, comity of virtue. Although from health perspective, means of this kind of food have obvious deficiency, but it meets our national "happy," the general state of mind, reflecting Chinese classical philosophy "and" this category in offspring thoughts influence, facilitate collective emotional communication, thus has difficult to reform. Western-style food and wine catering, although very important, but actually it is as setoff. The party is the core of companionship, through and conversation between neighbour guest, achieve the purpose of companionship. If the party fellowship sex and dance similar than, then may say that, Chinese style banquets like ballroom dancing, and banquet is like men's and women's dancing. Therefore, Chinese style banquet and banquet companionship purpose are obvious, only Chinese style banquet is reflected morely feast, and fellowship western banquet guests between adjacent more embodies in the companionship. With the Chinese diet differences between them more visibly of popular western buffet. This method is: will all food -- displayed, everyone need, need not fixed in his seat, eat, ambulate freedom, this way facilitate emotional communication between individuals, need not be all words on the table, but also showed westerners to personality, self respect. But each eat each, each interferes missing some Chinese chat huan jihs emotional appeal. So, in the final analysis or perceptual and rational differences. However, these differences seems to be with the development of science and become blurred. More and more Chinese people with no longer only paying attention to food color, fragrance, taste, and pay more attention to its health and nutrition. Especially after SARS later. Also, people because more and more busy job, think Chinese food do up too much trouble, as to a hamburger and convenient. So in the diet differences were not too clear.
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一共有2片 一是中外交往礼仪的七不同
二是中外礼仪差异及原因分析希望对你有用吧
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中外交往礼仪的七不同《礼记·曲礼上》说：“入境而问禁，入国而问俗，入门而问讳”。由于文化背...
The Chinese restaurant is an important to the communicative behavior. Generally a person pays around tables, together with a round, chat, and facilitate exchanges and communication. Generally eaten se...
The Chinese restaurant is an important to the communicative behavior. Generally a person pays around tables, together with a round, chat, and facilitate exchanges and communication. Generally eaten se...
扫描下载二维码“到此一游”几时休？学者：别让礼仪成为木乃伊
故宫铁缸刻字事件余波未平，媒体又曝出厦门万石植物园中的众多珍惜植物变成了游客的“留言板”，上面刻满了人名，就连浑身长刺的仙人掌也难免毒手。从古老的“题壁诗”到记忆中的“大字报”，再到如今无所不在的墙壁广告，从名胜古迹到公园广场，再到普通民居，国人热衷于在任何地方留下自己的印迹，究竟是一种传统，还是不良的公共行为？越来越多的人开始反思和批评。“到此一游”的现象究竟是如何形成的？它又是如何演变成无数人自觉或不自觉的行为的？公共场所中的行为规范应该是什么样的？对此，清华大学教授彭林说：“到此一游的行为，是一种公共礼仪的缺失所致，应该下大决心治理，形成社会舆论的氛围和环境，让题字者感到耻辱，最终改变这种不好的风气和行为。”“越是无赖，越想不朽”北京晨报：现如今在名胜古迹、风景区乃至平常的公共场所刻上“某某到此一游”的行为，正引起公众越来越多的思考和讨论，您是怎么看待这种现象的？彭林：这让我想起鲁迅的一句话“越是无赖，越想不朽”，其实在公共场所刻下自己的名字，写上“某某到此一游”，无非就是想留名，真正有教养的人不会这么做，写下自己的名字的能说明什么呢？只有那些对社会、对民族真正做出贡献的，才能留下他们的名字。而把名字刻在墙上、刻在文物上、刻在古迹上，本来是想在此处留下自己的印迹，想流芳百世或不朽的，结果只能是遗臭万年。文物古迹常在，以后人们来这里游览看到上面刻着“某某到此一游”的话，难道真的会觉得刻字人是英雄很棒吗？北京晨报：那么，您觉得应该怎样对待这样的行为呢？彭林：我觉得其实可以严查，查到那些涂鸦留名的人，应该有相应的处罚制度，而且处罚应该有一定的力度。而不像现在，只是在舆论上加以批评，因为问题不在于是否造成了破坏，而在于行为的性质，不用说刻字了，哪怕是用粉笔写的，能够擦掉的，也不应该出现。所以，应该加大决心治理，形成一种舆论环境，使得刻字涂鸦的人为此感到耻辱，这才有可能改变这种现象。彭林：别让礼仪成为木乃伊从古人到今人，从古典文学到现实生活，在墙上写下自己的感想和名字，似乎都是一种自然而然的行为，但这种行为在今天，却正在接受道德的考验，“到此一游”现象，是传统使然还是公共生活规则的示范？清华大学教授彭林认为：“古人的题诗题字，和今天的涂鸦不是一回事。而且传统时代，也有非常完善的公共礼仪规范，今天人觉得古人没有公共生活的礼仪，一提到传统，似乎就觉得是落后的、封建的，这是非常荒谬的。每一个民族都有她的公共礼仪，野蛮民族才没有。在今天，重建公共礼仪，应该从民族礼仪中出发。在整个社会中普及和重建礼仪道德。”题诗不同于“到此一游”北京晨报：有声音认为国人在传统中就有题诗、题字的习惯，这和今天“到此一游”的行为是否有关呢？彭林：这显然是一种误解。古人常有题壁诗，有名胜古迹中无数的题字、石刻等等，但是和现在到处是“某某某到此一游”的现象是不同的。古人的题诗也好，题字也好，石刻也好，首先是一种文学作品，他们的作用是为风景、为古迹添色，是一种文化景观、人文景观。比如泰山，上面有非常多的石刻、题诗，它们本身也是景观的一部分，为景区增添了一道不一样的风景线，想象一下，如果没有这些蕴含着历史、人文的景观，作为文化景区，本身的魅力就会失色不少。其二，古人对于文化、对于景观本身有敬畏，题诗题字也不是为了突出自己，而是为了突出景观，我们可以看到，很多题字下面，也并没有留下作者的名字，他们的目的在于表达自己对景观、对文化的感悟，而不是为自己留名。北京晨报：那我们应该怎样区分古人题字和今人“到此一游”的行为呢？彭林：今天的涂鸦，特别是那种“到此一游”的行为，是不道德的。以前到名胜古迹，不是每个人都可以在名胜古迹中题字题诗的，也不是每个人都敢题的，留字之前得掂量一下，用词是否得当、字迹是否好看，留下以后会不会被后人耻笑等等。今天的人不考虑这些，只是想把自己的名字留在那里。试想想看，假如我们到了泰山，发现泰山上到处都是古人留下的字迹，这些字迹不是什么诗词文章，都是“某某到此一游”，而且这些人我们全都不知道是谁，这是何等的煞风景，又有什么文化意蕴可言呢？所以，我们记住的，不是谁的名字，而是那些诗词文章，是古人对于风景文化的体悟。
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急需要2010电大社交礼仪作业答案
”禅师回答，不惜千里跋涉去求见，见到禅师，怎说是道呢：“师父，求教道：“这连三岁小孩也知道呀。”白居易又问一。” ，我如何才能得道、有一天，但八十老翁也难奉行啊，众善奉行：“诸恶莫做，表达对礼仪的看法，白居易听说一位得道禅师学问高深：“三岁小孩也知道。需要自拟题目，写篇不少于1500字的文章?”禅师回答
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一、填空题 答案
1、礼仪的起源：___、___、___、___。 对神灵的敬畏、对家庭成员言行的规范、人们交往沟通的需要、维系等级差别的需要。
2、 打招呼的方式一般有：____、_____、_____、_________四种。 寒暄式、问候式、致意式、致礼式。
3、 仪容美包括：_____、_______、___________、____________。 自然美、健康美、内心美、修饰美。
4、 与人交谈的态度应：_______、_______、______________。 神态专注、感情真挚动作恰当、礼让对方。
5、个人形象扭曲是指一个人_______和________不统一。 内在品质、外在形式。
6、学习礼仪课的要求：____、_______、______。 理论与实际相结合、内外兼修、灵活运用随机应变。
7、现代礼仪的基本特点：__________、______、__________、__________。 民主...
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