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汽车涂装中常用腻子的刮涂方法
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汽车涂装工艺：车身底层涂装
。。D、火焰处理除锈。火焰处理除锈是利用气焊枪，对少量手工难以清除较深的锈蚀锈斑进行烧红，让高温使铁锈的氧化物改变化学成份而达到除锈的目的。此法目前很少使用，操作时必须注意不要让金属表面烧穿，以防止大面积处理时受热变形。（3）漆前修补：对于车身局部锈蚀、累度硬损伤等缺陷，如果一概挖补、敲平反而有些得不尝失。但不加以修补，而直接以腻子填充，其强度和耐腐蚀性均较差。漆前修补旨在有效地弥补这类缺陷。其方法主要有软金属填补和铝箔树脂板填补两种。
。。1）软金属填补。软金属填补（俗称挂锡）修补部件表面缺陷，具有附着力好，工艺简单和抗冲击能力强等优点，特别适用于修补发动机罩、车门、侧梁、门槛等部位。
。。挂锡是技术要求比较严格的操作，对部件的清洁不仅限于漆膜、油污的清除，还必须除去金属表面暴露于大气而形成的氧化膜。清洁的范围应比实际使用的稍大些。最好在打磨干净后的金属表面用汽油或酒精擦洗一遍，随后刷涂焊剂加热并及时抹去浮渣。没有挂锡的烙铁不能使用，焊前应先将烙铁打磨干净，然后加热到能使其挂锡的温度蘸焊剂并挂锡。当需要修补泊面积较大时，可一并清理干净时，再分成若干小块逐一挂锡。在挂锡过程中，注意钢板与焊料应同时均匀加热。为使表面平整，可一边加热填补一边用刮刀修整，使焊料填足又不至于高出周围金属板的表面，以便挂锡后对表面的修平。
。。修补用的焊料是锡铅合金，比例一般约为7：3。这一比例的锡铅合金加热到183℃时即可开始熔化，继续加热至253℃便全部熔化。挂锡操作时，应将焊料的加热温度控制在半熔状态下使用。温度过低时焊料不能与之焊接，温度过高时，则会造成焊料的流淌也挂不上。
。。在挂锡修补中，焊料过渡于焊件表面的方法有两种：一是用烙铁蘸焊料，然后直接施焊于焊接表面；另一种方法是手持条形焊料，借烙铁温度不断将焊料熔化在需要挂锡的金属表面部位。焊接终了还要及时修整并清洁金属表面，对不平整之处还可使用挫刀或刮刀等加以修平。
。。2）铝箔树脂板填补。在国外和进口的车身维修材料中，有一种被称为“铝箔树脂板”的新产品，是迄今为止最好的局部修补材料之一。其突出的优点是方便、快捷，并能获得良好的修补质量。铝箔上预涂合成树脂中，含有一定比例的金属粉以提高其强度。用铝箔树脂板修补车身金属表面时，应先将金属表面打磨清理干净，并用酒精先擦一遍。然后分别将金属表面和铝箔树脂板加热50~60℃，随即趁热把铝箔树脂板贴在待修补部位。常温下经过4~5min的固化后，即可进行打磨。在敷贴铝箔树脂板时，应均匀用力压平，并使少量树脂由表层上铝箔的小孔中溢出少许为宜。
。。（4）除油：汽车车身表面虽然经过清洗、除漆、除锈和修补等工序后，但仍留存有沾污、工具上的油污以及原旧漆上的油污。若在涂底漆前不清除干净，必将影响底漆的附着力，甚至在面漆上喷涂后，还会出现脱落或揭皮现象，因此，上漆前还需要除油。
。。一般的修理及美容车间漆工，通常用干净纱头沾上汽油在车身表面揩擦两遍，再用清洁精白棉纱通揩一遍后涂刷底漆。但是用汽油除蜡效果不太理想，有时它本身也会污染表面待漆的材料，所以最好使用除蜡除油剂，用洁净的干布擦拭待漆表面。
。。2、底漆的施工
。。底漆层包括底漆、腻子、二道底漆、封闭底漆等。而合适的底涂层是面漆耐久、美观，如果底涂层不好，面漆的外观就会受到影响，甚至出现裂纹或剥落。
。。汽车车身经过涂装前表面处理后，一般可以直接喷涂头道底漆，对经过酸洗除锈的金属表面，在粗糙处理后，可涂一层磷化底漆，或新劲合金底漆、英国ICI耐用浸蚀底漆、美国杜邦810R防猎锈浸蚀底漆。使金属表面与底漆之间增加附着力。头道底漆的目的用于金属表面的防锈和防腐，增加腻子与车身金属表面的粘着作用。在喷涂底漆时，一般根据车型选择底漆。施工中建议的选择方案如下：
。。（1）国产客车的底漆选用。 修补一般的国产客车喷涂底漆时，钢铁表面用F06—1铁红酚醛底漆，铝及铝合金等轻金属用F06—1锌黄酚醛底漆。
。。（2）中高级或进口轿车的底漆选用。可用“新劲”防护绿底漆、P565—888 2K快速厚膜底漆，CICP082—28防浮红底漆、2K双组份底漆、“杜邦”30SR硝基底漆、150S风干底漆或1020R多用途高膜厚底漆、鹦鹉牌285—16热敏性隔绝底漆。具体可根据原进口国制造厂商标定涂料来选用。底漆的施工要求：施工应以喷涂为主，要求涂刷均匀，无漏涂，无流痕。
。。3、腻子施工
。。（1）腻子施工的选用原则。腻子的品种较多且功能各异，而涂层材料所具有的配套性要求，使选用腻子的工作更为重要。腻子与底漆及面漆的配套性问题，实质上也就是极性的匹配问题。一般说，极性大的材料其分子的结合力也越大，反之，极性小的材料其分子的结合力则越小。其中合成树脂类涂料（如氨基和环氧底漆、腻子、面漆等）的极性就大，而油基类涂料（如脂胶、酚醛底漆、腻子、面漆等）的极性就小，还有一种类型涂料（如醇酸底漆、腻子、面漆等）的胡性介于前两者之间。
。。腻子的选用原则为：
。。1）要从涂料极性小来考虑其配套性。一般底漆、腻子、面漆三者之间的极性应以相近或基本相近为宜，由此可获得可靠的附着力和层间结合力。
。。2）根据填充层的厚度和用途等来考虑所选腻子，一般分为填充型、中间型和刮（喷）涂型。填充型腻子适用于填补构件表面上的较大凹陷或车身构件的接缝等。这种类型的腻子强度高、堆积性好，并且一次可刮较厚的涂层。而适中刮（喷）涂型腻子则适用于覆盖道痕、砂眼及构件表面上的较小的不平处。这种类型的腻子则适用于颗粒细腻、柔韧性好、易打磨和干燥后不变形等特点，但堆积性差。中间性腻妇性能介于两者之部间。如果腻子选择得当，将会使构件表面达到平滑、匀顺、细致的目的，涂装面漆后能使漆面丰满、光泽突出。
。。3）根据车型的不同选用的腻子。国产客车大多用自制油性腻子。中、高级或进口轿车多采用双组份原子灰，如新劲牌原子灰、幼滑原子灰、纤维原子灰、金属原子灰、合金原子灰、ICI P551—1050原子灰、P551—1052原子灰（万能原子灰）、P551—1059原子灰、PPG的A656/663多用途聚脂原子灰、A659轻型聚酯腻子、A661标准聚酯腻子、A662/A668聚酯喷灰、鹦鹉牌839—20用途原子灰以及杜邦、关西原子灰等。
。。另外在使用腻子前需按配方调拌均匀。为了减少空气对腻子的影响，应参照图4-4所示的手法调制颜色均匀为止。调置量不宜过大，否则会增加调制时间使腻子较早地硬化。
。。（2）刮涂腻子的方式。刮涂腻子的方式有满刮和软硬交替刮之分，其中满刮又分填刮和靠刮两种；软硬交替刮则有“先上后刮”和“带上带刮”之分。
。。填刮的目的是用较稠的腻子分若干次将构件表面凹陷填平。填刮时主要用硬刮具靠口上部有弹力的部位与手劲配合进行操作。靠刮所用的腻子稠度稍低，用于最后一、二次的刮涂，用来平滑构件表面的腻子。刮涂时靠硬刮具以刮口上部起主要作用，将腻子刮涂，使腻子刮得薄、刮得亮。软硬交替刮中的“先上后刮”，先将腻子逐一填满或挂平，然后再用硬刮将其硬具平整，适用于较大面积刮涂。“带上带刮”，即在边上腻子边将其收刮平整，适用于较小面积或形状较复杂部位的刮涂。在刮垂直表面时，宜采用“软上硬收”，即先用软刮在垂直平面上刮挂腻子，然后再用硬刮具将腻子收刮平整，这样可使腻子不容易发生掉落现象。
。。在刮涂有平面又有有曲面的构件时，宜采用“硬上硬收”法，即上腻子和收腻子都用硬刮具，使刮涂面平整。在刮涂单纯曲面构件时，宜采用“软上软收”法，即上腻子和收腻子时均采用软刮具，以利于按构件表面的图形刮出圆势来。
。。在刮涂腻子时应注意：在直接刮涂前，应先将金属表面涂上与之配套的底漆，待完全干燥后才能刮涂腻子。在刮涂时应将刮具轻轻向下按压，并沿涂面的长轴方向运刮（图4-5A）；对于区域性填补则应按图4-5B所示的方法运刮；每次涂刮腻子的量要适度，以免造成蜂窝和针孔；待上一道腻子达到半干状态时再涂刮下一遍。
。。（3）刮腻子施工程序
。。1）第一道腻子的刮涂和打磨。腻子施工中，第一道腻子的目的是为了填刮较大凹坑，用硬刮具刮涂。当使用自制油性腻子时要调制成较硬些，分若干次将构件表面凹坑填平，施工时只求刮平，不求光滑。操作中不能来回刮涂，以免腻子中孔隙被粘死，造成长期不干。原子灰可用粗灰，是聚酯腻子加固化剂调合而成，刮涂时可以较厚，不会出现不干现象。刮涂时，应使用刮刀与构件成60度，并略成弧形涂刮。
。。用手指甲检查腻子软硬程度，自制腻子一般隔夜后才干透，原子灰约1~2h。当腻子干透后，然后进行打磨（注意：打磨太早腻子会继续收缩，打磨太迟则因腻子过硬不易打磨）。打磨的方法：可用手工打磨，也可用机械打磨；可干磨，也可湿磨。主要的打磨方法介绍如下：
。。A、手工打磨。手工打磨适用于对小面积腻子的粗磨，包括大面积细磨，以及有些精细工作如对型线、曲面、转角、圆弧、弯曲部位的修整。手工打磨就是用磨块（木块或橡胶块）上包有2~3号铁砂布进行干磨，或用100号水砂纸沾水湿磨。手工打磨的一般程序是：
。。a、选用与磨块大小相配的砂纸或者把砂纸裁剪好,使之与磨块尺寸相配。
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